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Assyria, Babylon
pre 2500 4 wheeled Λ CHARIOTS V, used in Sumeria.   See Asia: 2200. pre-2500 SHT 1-209
c.2500 COVERED WAGONS with leather or linnen covers are represented by Sumerian models. 2500 ISBE 4-895
c.2500 Eshnunna:  A CYLINDER SEAL contains pictures of elephant, rhinocerous, crocodile - all Indian workmanship. 2500 FLAP 19
c.2500 Royal cemetery at Ur begins.  Bodies are always lying on side.  Most are wrapped in matting or in coffins of wood, wicker, or clay, and buried in rectangular pits.  Aristocracy have tombs of brick or stone.  Goods include bracelets, necklaces, vanity cases, tools, weapons, food, drink. 2500 FLAP 34
c.2500 MARTU (Amorites) tribe of West Semites overrun west Mesopotamia, press EnMerkar of Uruk.  Soon absorbed into Sumerian culture. 2500 hifiMs no date: Sag1 41
c.2500 Sumerian literature begins. 2500 wohiST
c.2500 Λ GILGAMESH, former 5th king of Uruk 2680-60, is now a god, and judge of the underworld. 2500 Tigny: Evol of the Gil epic 13
c.2500 ILSHU becomes king of Mari until 2470. 2500 hifiMr, rcS
c.2500 ARAM mentioned as a place name northeast of Syria, probably not Semitic. 2500 IDB 1-186
c.2500 Uruk, under 1st Dynasty from 3400, is defeated and kingship taken to Ur.
1st dynasty of URUK from 3400, ends.
2nd dynasty begins until 2350.  ENPIRIGDU-ANNA is 1st king until ??.
2550 hifiUk
2500 CWH ,wikUk 2250 hifiUk
2nd dynasty begins 2440 to 2420. hifiUk,
c.2500 Imdugud & stagsIMDUGUD, a lion-headed eagle deity, shown between 2 stags in a relief on a copper lintel, probably above a temple door in el-Ubaid. photo: Vassil

29-2460 IDBS 59 26-2400 wikTUCL
c.2500 Λ ZIGGURATS V built in Nippur, Ur, Uruk, and Eridu. 2500 bk
c.2500 SWORD BLADES, copper from ??, evolve to bronze, gold, and even a little iron in Anatolia & Mesopotamia. 2500 ISBE 4-1037
c.2500 Λ CUNEIFORM script, invented 3100, taught in Sumerian schools. 2500 bk
c.2500 Libraries established at Shuruppak and Eresh (location unknown). 2500 bk
c.2500 GEOMETRY:  A Sumerian tablet at Fara (Shuruppak) contains a table for calculating the surface of square shaped fields. 2500 KS 93
c.2500 SYLLABIC script is used in Sumerian literature at Abu Shalabikh. 2500 PW 14
by 2500 CALAH, at confluence of the Tigris and Zab rivers, occupied. by 2500 ISBE 1-572
c.2500 Ur-Nanshe builds canals at Lagash. 2500 bk
c.2500 Lagash and Umma have border conflict until 2300. 2500 wikLg
c.2500 CAMELS, present at Mari, begin to appear in iconography. 2500 Andre Parrot: Abe & his times 100
c.2500 Bull moon lion bird plaque from Sumer. 2500 CMoG 3-55
c.2500 IRON smelted in Near East. 2500 bk
c.2500 CONSTELLATIONS of Leo, Taurus, Scorpius, Gemini, Capricorn, and Sagittarius are invented.  These zodiac constellations mark the path of Sun, Moon, and planets thruout the year. 3-2000 Copilot
c.2500  Akkadian cuneiform  begins.  Lasts until 2000.  Simplified to 600 signs 2500 TTPC cnwr, wikCun
c.2500 EBLAITE language begins until 2300. 2500 ISBE 4-1149
c.2500 CIRCUMCISION, in Egypt from 6000, evidenced in north Syria. 3-2000 CAH 2-342
c.2494 LUGALSHAGENSUR last traditional priest-king (ensi) of Lagash, is replaced by UR-NANSHE.  Lagash enters Sumerian politics.  1st Dynasty of Lagash is founded by throwing off Ur's domination.  UR-NANSHE is 1st king of 1st Dynasty of Lagash until 2465.  His dynasty lasts until 2365. 2550 rcM     2520 B76 11-969, wikLg     2500 KS 79, wikEDP, wikLg, wikUN 2494 hifiLg     2450 KS 53
c.2485 ANNEPADA, 2nd king of 1st dynasty of Ur from 2525, ends.  MESKIAGNUNNA succeeds and rules 36 years until 2440.  . 2485 RAI3
no date: wik1DU
c.2480 AGUR-LIM, king of Ebla from 2500, ends.  IB-DAMU succeeds until 2460. 2480 wikLKEb
c.2470 ILSHU, king of Mari from 2500, ends.  LAMGI succeeds until 2450. 2480 rcS 2470 hifiMr
c.2465 UR-NANSHE, 1st king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2494, dies, leaving inscriptions on buildings and a bas relief of himself and his family.  Son AKURGAL succeeds until 2455. 2465 hifiLg 2460 wikLg
c.2460 IB-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2480, ends.  BAGA-DAMU succeeds until 2440. 2460 wikLKEb
c.2455 AKURGAL, 2nd king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2465, ends.  EANNATUM succeeds until 2425. 2455 RAI3 141, hifiLg   2450 wikLg
c.2455 Kingship passes to Lagash (not mentioned on the king lists), along with control of Ur during the lifetime of Eannatum of Lagash. 2455 wikUr
c.2450 MARI penetrates almost to Lagash during reign of Eannatum. no date: Sag1 48
c.2450 Lagash king Eannatum gains dominance over south Sumer cities. 2470 MCAW
c.2450 King Kun-Damu of Ebla defeats Mari. 2450 wikMri
c.2450 AKKAD Dynasty Period begins until 2250. 2520 hifiUb
c.2450 LAMGI, king of Mari from 2470, ends.  IKUN-SHAMASH succeeds until 2445. 2450 hifiMr, rcS
c.2450 Lagash king Eannatum wars on Elamites and Mari and defeats both. 2450 bk, wikEDP
c.2450 MESKIAGNUNNA, 3rd king of 1st dynasty of UR from 2485, ends.  ELULU succeeds until ?. 2450 RAI3
c.2450 1st dynasty of UR from 2560 ends.  2nd dynasty of UR begins until 2119. 2450 rcM
c.2450 EANNATUM, king of 1st dyn of Lagash 2455-25, claims to have conquered Mari. 2450 ISBE 4-338
c. 2450 After a border dispute, EANNATUM, king of Lagash, defeats Ush king of Umma.  To comemmorate it, Eannatum carves  Stele of the Vultures V, the earliest known war monument.  stele vultures
Originally a single slab of limestone, 1.8m tall x 1.3m wide x .11m thick, but now in 7 fragments found at Girsu.  The 2 sides show a mythological side with religious scenes, and a historical side with battle scenes.  The upper, larger register of the mythological side shows a large male holding a mace in his right hand and an anzu or lion-headed eagle in his left hand.  The anzu identifies him as the god Ningirsu.  Below the anzu is a large net filled with bodies of naked men.  Behind Ningirsu stands a smaller female wearing a horned headband and with maces protruding from her shoulders.  She is the goddess Ninhursag.  The lower, smaller register is damaged.
The historical side has 4 horizontal registers.  The upper shows Eannatum (his name is inscribed around his head), leading soldiers into battle, with their defeated enemies trampled below their feet.  Flying above them are vultures after which the stele is named, with the severed heads in their beaks.  The 2nd register shows soldiers marching with shouldered spears behind the king, who is riding a Λ CHARIOTV and holding a spear.  In the 3rd register, a small part of a possibly seated figure can be seen. In front of him, a cow is tethered to a pole while a naked priest standing on a pile of dead animal bodies performs a libation ritual on 2 plants spouting from vases.  Left of these scenes is a pile of naked bodies surrounded by skirted workers with baskets on their head.  What remains of the 4th register shows a hand holding a spear that touches the head of an enemy.
photo: foreign alphabet

2600-2350 wikSV 2550 ISBE 4-1036, 1038 2470 MCAW 2450 wikEDP, wikLg
c.2450 LANCES (javelins, long spears) evidenced in Eannatum stele. 2550 ISBE 4-1036, 1038
c.2450 KhopeshSWORD:  Khopesh sword first portrayed in Stele of the Vultures.  usually 50-60cm long.  It is only sharpened on the outside of the curve.  Discontinued 1300. drawing: Pjmohedano

wikKps
c.2445 IKUN-SHAMASH, king of Mari from 2450, ends.  IKUN-SHAMAGAN succeeds until 2425. 2445 hifiMr, rcS
c.2440 MARI has frequent wars against the dominant Lagash until 2425. 2440 hifiMr
c.2440 AGADE conquered by En-cakanca-ana of URUK, who claims hegemony over Sumer. 2440 hifiAk
c.2440 BAGA-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2460, ends.  ENAR-DAMU succeeds until 2420. 2440 wikLKEb
c.2440 MESKIAGNUNNA, king of 1st dynasty of Ur from 2485, ends.  ELULU succeeds and rules 25 years until 2415. no date: wik1DU,
c.2440 URUK, kingless from 2500, 2nd dynasty of Uruk begins until 2350. 2440 hifiUk
c.2430 Eannatum raises his 2450 Stele of the Vultures in place of Mesilim's destroyed stele. 2430 hifiLg
c.2430 ENSHAKUSHANA becomes king of 2nd dyn of Uruk until 2400. 2430 RAI3 no date:
c.2430 KISH is defeated by Uruk or Lagash.
2nd dynasty of Kish from 2605, ends.  AKSHAK is dominant city until 2360.
2430 hifiKs
c.2430 Lugalure of Uruk helps Lagash defeat Umma. 2430 hifiLg, hifiUk, hifiUm
c.2425 IKUN-SHAMAGAN, king of Mari from 2445, ends.  ANSUD succeeds until 2416.
Mari / Lagash wars from 2440 end.
2425 hifiMr, rcS
2423 wikLKM 2380 wikLKM
IBLUL-IL succeeds until 2400 hifiMr, rcS, wikLKM
c.2425 EANNATUM, king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2455, dies.  Bro ENANNATUM succeeds until 2405. 2425 RAI3 141, 143, hifiLg     2420 wikLg
c.2425 Urlumma of Umma drains the boundary canal at Girsu and destroys shrines there, forcing Enannatum of Lagash to defend the religious center by offering battle at Ugigga, in the fields near Girsu.  Urlumma is defeated and flees, only to be killed at Umma.  Enannatum establishes a vassal ruler at Umma. 2425 hifiUm
c.2420 ENAR-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2440, ends.  ESHAR-MALIK succeeds until 2400. 2420 wikLKEb
c.2416 ANSUD, king of Mari from 2425, ends.  SAUMU succeeds until 2400. 2416 wikLKM
c.2415 ELULU, king of 1st dynasty of Ur from 2440, ends.  BALULU succeeds and rules 36 years until 2379. no date: wik1DU
c.2410 Lagash king Urukagina reforms priesthood. 2410 bk
c.2410 2414-2390 Lugalzagesi rules Umma, plunders Lagash. 2410 bk
c.2405 ENANNATUM-I, 4th king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2425, ends.  Son ENTEMENA succeeds until 2375. 2450 rcM 2405 hifiLg 2400 wikLg
c.2400 HURRIANS from Transcaucasus, migrate to Armenia until 2300. 2400 Sag1 77, smieHr 2300 IDBS 423, ISBE 2-756, WPOT 18
c.2400 ZAIPA (Tell Hammam et-Turkman) on the left bank of the Balikh River valley in north Syria gets an 8m wide city wall with upper chambers. 2400 wikTHT'  
c.2400 TELL BRAK in Syria, called NAGAR from 2600, occupied by Ninevite 5 culture from 2900, now occupied by Post-Ninevite 5 culture until 2300. 2400 wikTBr
c.2400 CAMELS at Mari, evidenced by bones. 2400 ISBE 1-584
c.2400 Domestic HORSES, in Asia from 4350, Anatolia from 2450, spread to north Mesopotamia.   South Mesopotamia 2000, Levant1600. 2400 Copilot
c.2400  Mari Texts  written in Akkadian. 2400 wikPAs
c.2400  Barton Cylinder , oldest known inscribed clay CYLLINDER is at Nippur.  A mythological text inscribed in Sumerian cuneiform.  Nippur is pre-existing before creation when heaven and earth separated.  1st part describes the sanctuary of Nippur, detailing a marriage between An and Ninhursag, sister of Enlil, during which heaven and earth touch.  2nd part says that someone, perhaps Enki, balled mother goddess, Ninhursag and planted the seed of 7 twin deities in her.  Ninhursag is a snake goddess who creates enchantments, incantations, and oils, to protect from demons.  Tigris and Euphrates are twice spoken of as holy rivers.  A "well of the mighty abyss" is appealed-to for protection. 2400 ISBE 4-658, wikBC
c.2400 IBLUL-IL, king of Mari, conquers EBLA. 2400 hifiMr
c.2400 SAUMU, king of Mari from 2416, ends.  ISHTUP-ISAR succeeds until ??. 2400 wikLKM
c.2400 IBLUL-IL, king of Mari from 2425, ends.  Unknown kings follow. 2400 hifiMr, rcS
c.2400 ESHAR-MALIK, king of Ebla from 2420, ends.  KUN-DAMU succeeds until 2380. 2400 wikLKEb
c.2400 ENSHAKUSHANA, king of 2nd dyn of Uruk from 2430, ends.  LUGAKKINISHEDUDU succeeds until ??. 2450 rcM 2400 RAI3
c.2390 Kish king Sargon defeats Lugalzagesi. 2390 bk
c.2380 KUN-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2400, ends.  ADUB-DAMU succeeds until 2360. 2380 wikLKEb
c.2380 LAGASH ist Dynasty from 2550 ends.  2380 hifiUb
2300 wikLg     2270 wikS
c.2379 BALULU, king of 1st dynasty of Ur for 36 years from 2415, ends.  no date: wik1DU
c.2375  Ebla Tablets  written in 2 languages: Sumerian and Eblaite, a previously unknown language that used Sumerian cuneiform.  1,800 complete clay tablets, 4,700 fragments, and many thousands of chips found in palace archives.  Contain king lists for Ebla, royal ordinances, edicts, treaties, gazetteers listing place names, 1st known references to Canaanites, Ugarit, Lebanon, Haran, possibly also Salem, Sodom, Gomorrah.      7,000 in existence.  . 3200 ISBE 3-338
3-2000 basl
2500-2250 wikET
2400 ISBE 3-395, wikPAs 24-2300 wikET
2400-2250 ISBE 1-273
c.2375 ENTEMENA, king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2405, ends.  Son ENANNATUM-II succeeds until 2365. 2470 RAI2 2375 hifiLg 2370 wikLg
c.2370 UMMA, independent from ?, comes under Uruk until 2347. 2370 rcM
c.2370 SEA LAND comes under Akkad until 2191. 2370 rcM
c.2370 3rd dynasty of Kish begins until 2330.
KUBAU, a brothel or inn keeper becomes ruler of Kish.  She is the only known queen in Sumerian history.
2500 wikEDP 2400 hifiKs 2370 MCAW
c.2365 ENANNATUM-II, king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2375, ends.  1st (Ur-Nanshe) dyn from 2494 ends.  Usurper priest ENETARZI succeeds until 2359.  2nd dynasty of Lagash begins until 2300.  XX 2230 2428 RAI2     2365 hifiLg     2360 wikLg 2300 wikEDP
2230 wikLg
c.2360 Dominance of AKSHAK from 2430 ends.
KISH 4th dynasty of Kish, consisting of only PUZUR-SIN, begins until 2340.
2360 hifiKs
c.2360 ADUB-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2380, ends.  IGRISH-HALAM succeeds until 2340. 2360 wikLKEb
c.2359 ENETARZI, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2365, ends.  LUGALANDA succeeds until 2352. 2384 rcM 2359 hifiLg 2350 wikLg
c.2355 LUGALZAGESSI becomes king of Umma until 2330, overthrows dominance of Lagash. 2358 wohiSA     2355 hifiUk, hifiUm     2340 RAI3 145
c.2353 Priest-king Lugalzaggesi of Umma captures Uruk and Akshak, claims an empire which extends from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf. 2358 wikEDP 2353 hifiUm
c.2352 LUGALANDA, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2359, ends.  URUKAGINA succeeds until 2342. 2415 RAI2     2378 CAH 2-998, rcM     2352 hifiLg 2350 wikLg
c.2350 EARLY DYNASTIC-III Period ends.  Began 2600. 2370 Sag2 28, WPOT
2350 wikEAP, wikEDP, wikLMD     2334 RAI3 122
c.2350 LUGALZAGESSI, king of Uruk and Umma, seizes most of Lower Mesopotamia. 2350 wikEDP
c.2350 Enshakushanna of Uruk seized Kish and imprisoned its king Embi-Ishtar. 2350 wikEDP
c.2350 URUKAGINA, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash 2352-42, writes  Reform Texts . 2360 Bottero
c.2350 URUKAGINA, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash 2352-42, defeats Enannatum. 2375 ENBD 120
c.2350 ENNA-DAGAN, king of Mari, writes to IRKAB-DAMU of Ebla.  Enna mentions his predecessors and their military achievements.  Earliest king in the letter, Ansud, attacked Ebla and conquered many Eblaite cities, including the land of Belan.  Next king is Saumu, who conquered the lands of Raak and Nirum.  King Kun-Damu of Ebla defeats Mari in mid 25th cent.  The war continued with Ishtup-Isar of Mari's conquest of Emar at a time of Eblaite weakness in mid-24th centBC.  King Igrish-Halam of Ebla pays tribute to Iblul-Il of Mari, who conquered many Eblaite cities and campaigned in Burman. 2350 wikMri
c. 2350 Sumer
Akkad before expansion in green.  Territory of Sumer under its last king Lugal-Zagesi in orange.
photo: Zunkir

2350 wikAE
c.2350 AKSHAK comes under Lugal-zagesi. 2350 wikAks
c.2350 OLD SUMERIAN LITERARY Period ends.  Began 2800.
Akkadian language is first attested, and survives with Sumerian until c.1800.
Writing became intelligible.  Archaic texts of Ur are earliest tablets that can be fully interpreted  The temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly "En" shifts to a more secular Lugal (Lu = man, Gal = great).
2350 lost the source
c.2350 Imports from the Indus Valley to Ur are first evidenced, and continue until 1900. 2350 wikIMR, wikUr3
c.2350 Eblaic Language begins until ??.  Written in cuneiform, oldest member of NW Semitic language. 2350 ISBE 2-658
c.2350 The short-lived empire of Lugalannemundu of Adab subjects the Guti. 2350 hifiGt
c.2350 First LAW CODE drafted by Urukagina, king of Lagash. 2350 wohiST
c.2350 2nd dynasty of URUK from 2500, overthrown by LUGALZAGESSI, ensi of Umma, the only ruler of the 3rd dynasty of Uruk until 2330. 2420 hifiUk     2400 CWH, RAI2 2371 CAH 2-998, rcM
2350 wikUk     2294 wikEDP     2220 hifiUk
3rd dynasty begins 2355-2330. hifiUk,
c.2347 UMMA, under Uruk from 2370, comes under Akkad until 2191. 2347 rcM
c.2345  Fireball bombardment  in area of modern Tell Leilan in north Syria, as evidenced by tree-ring chronologies and microscopic glass spherules. 2345 CWH, kpol
c.2342 URUKAGINA, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2352, ends.  Lugalzaggesi of Umma sacks Lagash and burns all of its temples.  Urukagina flees to Girsu, which doesn't seem to have fallen to Umma, and disappears from history.  Lugalzaggesi tries to revive the Sumerian League and religious city of Nippur. 2400 RAI2, Sag1 48
2371 rcM 2342 hifiLg 2340 MCAW
c.2340 NIZI, king of Mari from ??, ends.  ENNA-DAGAN succeeds until 2320. 2340 wikLKM
c.2340 IGRISH-HALAM, king of Ebla from 2360, ends.  IRKAB-DAMU succeeds until 2320. 2340 wikLKEb
c. 2340 Ebla
EBLA at maximum extent.
photo: Semhur

2340 wikEDP
c.2340 4th dynasty of Kish, consisting of only PUZUR-SIN from 2360, ends.  5th dynasty of Kish begins until 2334.  UR-ZABABA is king until ??.
URUK becomes dominant until ??.
2340 hifiKs
c.2340 LUGALZAGESI tries to conquer Kish under Ur-Zababa, maybe succeeds. no date: Sag1
c.2340 LUGALZAGESI boasts of ruling everything from Mediterranean to Persian Gulf. 2340 MCAW
c.2334 EARLY DYNASTIC Period ends.  Began 2900.
EARLY DYNASTIC-III ends.  Began 2600.
.OLD AKKADIAN Period begins until 2230.
2500 ENBD 120     2400 SOTS 22     2370 ISBE 2-582, Sag2 28, WPOT     2360 FLAP 2350 ISBE 1-265, TTPC, wikEAP, wikGlg, wikLMD     2334 B76 CWH, RAI3 22, 79, 122, Sag1, hifiM, hifiS, hifiUb, wikA, wikS, wohiST     2300 IDB 4-455, wikUk
c.2334 5th dynasty of Kish from 2340 ends.
SARGON usurps throne of Kish, builds new capital, AKKAD.  rules until 2279.
AKKADIAN EMPIRE begins until 2154.  Sargon dynasty lasts until 2218.
2371 CAH 2-257, CWH, ENBD 120, MRDK, RAI2, Sag1 49, Sag2 28, 46, TAWH 16, rcM 2370 ISBE 1-65     2360 ISBE 3-539
2350 ISBE 4-337, RAH 39     2334 B76 11-247, 969, RAI3 154, hifiAk, hifiS, wikAE, wikEAP, wikEDP, wikLMD, wikS, wikSA, wohiNS, wohiSA     2331 MCAW
c.2334 Sargon's wars established Akkadian empire.  His policy is centralize control: destroy walls of Babylonian cities, install Akkadians with reliable garrisons to govern cities, summon all powerful locals to Akkad as hostages. 2375 TTPC 2370 bk 2334 wikS
c.2334 MARI, a Semitic city state from 2550, is destroyed, probably by Sargon, becomes a village under Akkad until 2260. 2334 hifiMr, rcS 2300 ISBE 3-246
c.2334 ESHNUNNA comes under Akkad until 2191. 2371 rcM
c.2330 LUGALZAGESSI, last ethnically Sumerian king of Umma from 2355, only king of 3rd dynasty of URUK from 2350, is defeated and captured by Sargon of Akkad.  Sargon claims the empire and kingship.  Uruk is kingless until conquered 2280. 2347 rcM     2334 wikUk, wohiSA     2330 hifiUk 2316 RAI3     2270 wikEDP 2260 CWH     2250 ISBE 3-539
c.2330 Kashtubila king or ensi of Kazallu, revolts against Sargon of Agade.  Kazallu is apparently devastated. 2330 hifiKz
c.2330 3rd dynasty of Kish from 2370 ends. 2330 wikEDP
c.2330 Kingship of Umma? passes next to Elamite Awan. 2330 hifiUm
c.2330 LAGASH loses independence to Sargon's Akkadian empire (which also serves to end the internecine war between it and Umma).  The priest-kings become Akkadian vassals until 2193, the overthrow of the empire by the Guti, when the priest-kings regain their independence, at least nominally. 2330 hifiLg
c.2323 AMURRU invaded by Sargon. 11th year of Sargon: IDB 1-115
c.2322 ARRUKUM, vizir of Ebla from ??, ends.  IBRIUM succeeds until 2302. 2322 wikIbr
c.2320 IRKAB-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2340, ends.  ISAR-DAMU succeeds until ??.  A prince, might have briefly ascended the throne. 2320 wikLKEb
c.2320 ENNA-DAGAN, king of Mari from 2340, ends.  IKUN-ISHAR succeeds until 2300. 2320 wikLKM
c.2313 IBRIUM, vizir of Ebla, wars against Armi. 2313 wikIbr
c.2302 IBRIUM, vizir of Ebla from 2322, ends.  Son IBBI-SIPISH succeeds until ?. 2302 wikIbr
c.2300 CARCHEMISH has earliest known tombs. 2300 hifiCr
c.2300 TELL BRAK (Nagar) in Syria, occupied by Post-Ninevite 5 culture from 2400, destroyed by Akkadians, occupied by Akkadian culture until 2100. 2300 wikTBr
c.2300 IKUN-ISHAR, king of Mari from 2320, ends.  HIDAR succeeds until later 2300.  ISHQI-MARI succeeds until ??. 2300 wikLKM
c.2300 Ebla1st kingdom of EBLA from 3000 destroyed during reign of Hidar of Mari.  Parts of its royal palace, shown here, remain. photo: Associazione Decarch

2300 wikEbl, wikMri, wikP1M
2250 wikAm
c.2300 EBLA incorporated again into Akkadian Empire. 2300 wikPhL
c.2300 EBLAITE language from 2500 ends. 2300 ISBE 4-1149
c.2300 Ebla ruins EBLA, 2nd kingdom established until 2000. photo Inge

2300 mxfld, wikEbl
c.2300 HURRIANS, in Armenia from 2400, migrate south to the east and north of the Tigris and Euphrates and north Mesopotamia. 2300 TAWH 54
c.2300 Nasiriyah stele Nasiriyah Victory Stele  of Naram Sin comemmorating victories in Anatolia.      Left shows a soldier with helmet and long sword carrying a metal vessel of Anatolian type.  Right shows naked captives. Photos by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin
left   right


2300 wikEbl
c.2300 Tell HADIDI on the west bank of the Euphrates opposite Tell es-Sweyhat, occupied from 3300, founded as a city and reaches maximum extent.  Lasts until 1200. 2300 wikTHd
c.2300 Sargon of Agada campaigns against Gutian king Sarlak in the Zagros Mountains. 2300 hifiGt
c.2300 NIPPUR comes under Akkad until 2191. 2300 rcM
c.2300 EBLA conquered and burnt by Sargon. 2250 ISBE 4-338
c.2300 SHURUPPAK, under Nippur from ??, comes under Akkad until 2191. 2300 rcM
c.2300 Pictures of SEED-PLOWS that funnel seed into the plowed furrow appear on Sumerian cylinder seals. 2300 wikHAg
c.2300  [Birth] Legend of Sargon of Akkad  composed.   My mother was a changeling.  My father I knew not.  The brothers of my father loved the hills.  My city is Azurpiranu (the wilderness herb fields), which is situated on the banks of the Euphrates.  My changeling mother conceived me, in secret she bore me.  She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid.  She cast me into the river which rose not over me.  The river bore me up and carried me to Akki, the drawer of water.  Akki, the drawer of water, took me as his son and reared me.  Akki the drawer of water, appointed me as his gardener.  While I was gardener Ishtar granted me her love, and for four and (fifty?) ... years I exercised kingship 
A 'changeling' is a temple priestess of Ishtar, whose clergy are androgynous). Akki is a gardener for Ur-Zababa, king of Kish.  In creating this legend, Sargon distances himself from the kings of the past (who claimed divine right), and aligns himself with the common people.  But his reign is nevertheless legitimate, because this whole scenario was set up by Ishtar.  Sargon means "legitimate king".
2316 CMoG 3-73 2300 wohiLSA, no date: ANET 119, wikAE
c.2300  Exaltation of Inanna , 153-line hymn, written by Enheduanna, priestess of Ur, who also asks for help with vengeance after political exile.  "Zuen the moon god gave you heaven and earth.". 2300 uw
c.2300 2nd dynasty of Lagash from 2365 destroyed by Akkadians. 2300 wikLg 2110 wikLg
c.2300 Lagash / Umma border conflict from 2500 ends. 2300 wikLg
c.2300 In South Mesopotamia, a METEOR leaves a 2-mile wide circular crater. 2300 CWH, kpol
c.2300 SARGON trades for frankincense with Lebanon, for silver in Taurus Mts. 2300 MCAW
c.2300 BABYLON plundered by Sargon. 2300 ISBE 1-385
c.2300 BABYLON founded [originally Bab-ili "Gate of Gods"] by Sargon, who restores the temple tower and builds temples to Anunitum and Amal. 2350 ENBD 116, 117 2300 MCAW
c.2300 SARGON brings back from campaigns: "specimems from foreign trees": vines, figs, roses. 2300 MCAW
Akkadian Emp Akkadian Empire

Jolle
c. 2290 Mari
2nd kingdom of MARI at maximum extent.
photo: Semhur

2290 wikEDP
c.2280 URUK, kingless from 2330 is conquered by Elamites.  Remains kingless until 2240.  Statue of Nana is removed until 635. 2280 ISBE 2-126
c.2279 SARGON, king of Akkad at Agade from 2334 dies subduing a revolt.  Son RIMUSH succeeds 2278 until 2270. 2316 CWH, Sag1 49, Sag2 46, RAI2
2315 MRDK, Sag1, rcM     2295 ISBE 4-337     2279 B76 16-247, RAI3 154, hifiAk, wikAE, wikEAP, wikLMD, wikSA, wohiNS, wohiSA     2276 MCAW     2230 Sag1 50     2150 ISBE 1-65
c.2270 RIMUSH, king of Akkad at Agade from 2279 disappears in a palace revolution.  Bro MANISHTUSHU succeeds 2269 until 2255. 2307 Sag1     2306 MRDK, WPOT, rcM     2271 wohiNS     2270 RAI3 155, hifiAk, wikAE, wikEAP, wikLMD
c.2270 SUMER conquered by Akkad.  Sumerian language continues in religious matters. 2300 IDB 4-457 2270 wikS
c.2266 IDIDISH becomes king of Mari until 2206. 2266 wikLKM
c.2260 NARAM SIN defeats the Lullubi of the Zagros hills. 2260 wikAE
c.2260 MARI, little more than a village from 2334, is destroyed again by Ebla. 2265 wikMri 2260 hifiMr
c. 2260 Manishtushu Manishtushu Obrlisk  (aka Standard Inscription), a black diorite, 4-sided stele narrowing toward the top, incised in Akkadian cuneiform in horizontal rows on all sides.  It legally records the distribution of 4 parcels of land, in large estates, and its allotment to his officers, for his control of Kish.  An excerpt says:
 Man-istusu, king of the world: when he conquered Ansan and Sirihum, had [...] ships cross the Lower Sea.  The cities across the Sea, 32 [in number], assembled for battle, but he was victorious.  Further, he conquered their cities, struck down their rulers and after he roused them [his troops], plundered as far as the Silver Mines.  He quarried the black stone of the mountains across the Lower Sea, loaded [it] on ships, and moored [the ships] at the quay of Agade. 
obelisk: Mbzt

detail: Mbzt

2300 WPOT 103, 2270-55 wikAE, wikMO
c.2255 MANISHTUSHU, king of Akkad at Agade from 2269 disappears in a palace revolution.  Son NARAM-SIN succeeds 2254 until 2218. 2292 Sag2, WPOT     2291 MRDK, Sag1 50, Sag2 51, rcM     2261 wohiNS, wohiSA     2255 RAI3 155, hifiAk, wikAE, wikEAP, wikLMD, wikNSA     2250 MCAW     2159 ISBE 1-65, WPOT 265
CONFUSION ALERT!  There is also a Naram-Sin of Ashur.
c.2254 Uruk leads a revolt against the Akkadian empire, rallying the south Sumerian cities of Ur, Lagash, Umma, Adab, Shuruppak, Isin, and Nippur, placing a well-organized army in the field, which is then defeated. 2254 hifiLg, hifiUk
c.2254 KISH, under Akkad from ??, rebels. independent until 2230. 2254 hifiKs
c.2250 MARI, comes under a dynasty of Shakkanakkus (military governors) until 1900.  1st is IDIDISH until ?. 2266 wikMri 2250 hifi
c.2250 NS victory stele Naram-Sin Victory Stele  created in Sippar, of limestone, originally 3m tall. Naram-Sin as a god-king (symbolized by his horned helmet) commemorates his victory over the Lullubi and their king Satuni in the Zagros hills north of Akkad.  Naram Sin is the first Mesopotamian king to declare himself a god.  He crosses steep slopes into enemy territory; on the left are his ordered forces marching over disordered defenders.  The weak and chaotic opposing forces are being thrown from atop the mountainside, impaled by spears, fleeing and begging Naram-Sin for mercy and being trampled underfoot. photo: Shonagon

2250 wikVSN 2230 wikNSA
c.2250 Treaty between Naram-Sin and Elamites. 2250 bk
c. 2250 NARAM-SIN installs his daus in Mari, probably as priestesses.  .  2250MCAW
c.2240 URUK, kingless from 2330, 4th dynasty of URUK begins until 2120, independently until 2193. 2254-23 hifiUk
c.2240 NARAM-SIN records defeating a coalition of Sumerian cities and Amorites near Jebel Bishri in north Syria.  2240 wikAm,
c. 2230 BassetkiBASSETKI STATUE cast from 98.2% pure copper using lost-wax method.  A nude man sitting on a 67cm diameter pedestal, everything above the waste is missing.  Pedestal contains a cuneiform inscription in Old Akkadian, saying:
 Naram-Sin, the mighty king of Agade, when the 4 quarters together revolted against him, thru the love which the goddess Astar showed him, he was victorious in 9 battles in 1 year, and the kings whom they [the rebels] had raised, he captured.  Because he protected the foundations of his city from danger, the citizens of his city requested from Astar in Eanna, Enlil in Nippur, Dagan in Tuttul, Ninhursag in Kes, Ea in Eridu, Sin in Ur, Samas in Sippar, and Nergal in Kutha, that [Naram-Sin] be the god of their city, and they built within Agade a temple to him.  As for the one who removes this inscription, may the gods Samas, Astar, Nergal, the bailiff of the king, namely all those gods tear out his foundations and destroy his progeny. 
left: Muhammed Amin

right: State Dept

2350-2100 wikAE, wikBstS
c.2230 OLD AKKADIAN Period from 2450 ends.  GUTIAN PERIOD begins until 2150. 2250 CWH, Sag1 53, hifiM, hifiUb, wikS
2230 CWH, Sag1 50, Sag2 28     2228 WPOT
2200 ISBE 2-582     2193 wikS     2191 ENBD 120     2180 FLAP     2080 SOTS 23
c.2230 2nd Dynasty of Lagash begins until 2110.   XX 2365
LUGAL-USHUMGAL becomes 1st ensi until 2210 as vassal of Akkadians.
2230 RAI3, wikAE, wikLg, wikLMD, wikLus, wikNSA 2200 Sag
c.2230 North BABYLONIA overrun by the Guti until 2120. 2230 ENBD 121
c.2230 KISH, independent from 2254, back under Akkad until 2191. 2230 hifiKs, rcM
Akkadian Emp
First Akkadian Empire
Zunkir
c.2220 ERRIDUPIZIR becomes king of the Guti until 2202. 2220 wikLMD 2141 wikGut
c.2218 SARGON DYNASTY of Akkad from 2334 ends.
NARAM SIN, king of Akkad at Agade from 2254 dies.  He may have passed on his empire to his son SharKaliSharri intact, or he may have passed on little more than Akkad itself.  SHARKALISHARI succeeds 2217 until 2193.
2274 bk     2255 Sag1 50, Sag2 51 2254 MRDK, WPOT, rcM
2224 wohiNS, wohiSA     2219 wikNSA     2218 B76 9-831, 11-973 RAI3, hifiAk, wikAE, wikEAP, wikLMD, wikNSA     2153 wikGut 2123 ISBE 1-65, WPOT 265
c.2210 LUGAL-USHUMGAL, 1st ensi (Akkadian vassal) of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2230 ends.  PUZUR-MAMA succeeds until 2205, gets independent from Akkadians. 2210 wikAE, wikLg, wikLMD, wikLus, wikNSA    2200 RAI3
c.2206 IDIDISH king of Mari from 2266 ends.  13 kings continue until 2000, but Mari is no longer significant. 2206 wikLKM
c.2205 PUZUR-MAMA, 2nd ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2210 ends.  UR-NINGIRSU succeeds until 2200. 2205 wikLg
c.2202 ERRIDUPIZIR, king of the Guti from 2220 ends.  IMTA succeeds until 2199. 2202 wikLMD 2138 wikGut
c.2200 KURA-ARAXES Culture in Caucasus and Urartu from 3500 ends.  They grew grain and orchard crops, and used implements to make flour.  They raised cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, and in later phases, horses.  TRIALETI-VANADZOR culture begins until 1600 in Armenia, south Georgia, and northeast Anatolia. 2200 wikHA, wikMkp
2000 wikCC, wikKAC
c.2200 NORTHGRIPPIAN AGE from 6200 ends.  MEGHALAYAN AGE begins until present. 2200 wikHlc, wikS
c.2200 shadufSHADUF V - a long pole balanced on a pivot with a bucket on one end and a counter-weight on the other - used to lift water, first evidenced, portrayed on a cylinder seal in Mesopotamia. drawing
{{PD-US}}

2200 Copilot
4.2 kiloyear event begins from 2200 to 2150?.  A volcanic eruption causes marked increase in aridity and wind circulation, induces degradation of land-use conditions.
Global distribution of 4.2 kiloyear event.  Hatched areas get wet conditions or flooding.  Dotted areas get drought or dust storms.
map: Jianjun Wang

2200 wik4.2, wikAE, wikAE, wikOKE
c.2200 AMORITES of east Syria or Arabia, begin migrating various directions, especially east. 2200 TAWH 54
c.2200 The GUTI of central Zagros Mountains, having infiltrated Mesopotamia from ??, migrate in force into central and south Mesopotamia, destroying the Akkadian empire and subjugating much of Sumer.  Guti remain dominant until 2120. 2250 Sag1 50 2218 wikS post-2200 hifiGt
c.2200 UR-NINGIRSU, 3d ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2205 ends.  PIRIG-ME (Ugme) succeeds until ?. 2200 wikLg
c.2200 A long  Gudea text  explains construction of the Eninnu temple for Ningirsu at Lagash. 2200 ISBE 4-660
c.2200 Kurdish herding DOGS (resembling mastiffs) are portrayed in Mesopotamian art. 2200 B76 5-930
c.2199 ISHME-DAGAN becomes king of Mari until 2154. 2199 RAI3
CONFUSION ALERT!   There are better known Ishme Dagans: ensi of Isin 1953-35,  king of Assur 1782-41.
c.2199 IMTA, king of the Guti from 2202 ends.  INKISHUSH succeeds until 2195. 2199 wikLMD 2135 wikGut
c.2195 INKISHUSH, king of the Guti from 2199 ends.  SHARLAGAB succeeds until 2192. 2195 wikLMD 2129 wikGut
c.2193 The GUTI of central Zagros Mts. invade and overwhelm Sumer. 2193 hifiLg
c.2193 AKKADIAN EMPIRE Overthrown by the GUTI.  Causes priest-kings of Lagash regain their independence, at least nominally. 2193 hifiLg
c.2193 SHARKALISHARI, king of Akkad at Agade from 2217, killed in palace insurrection, or overthrown by the GUTI.  Anarchy follows.  IGIGI succeeds 2192 until 21??.  Akkadians survive but their power is minimal, their decline helped along by a series of brief, non-dynastic rulers.  Little is known of Agade until c.2100. 2249 bk     2230 Sag1, RAI2, WPOT, rcM     2198 wohiNS 2193 B76 11-973, RAI3 158, hifiAk, wikAE    2129 wikGut 2098 ISBE 1-65
c.2193 URUK, under 4th dynasty from 2240, is struck and defeated by the Guti at the same time as they destroy Agade and carry off kingship.  From this point Guti kings are recorded in more detail as Mesopotamia apparently undergos a climate-induced collapse, which also affects Egypt.  4th dynasty continues until . 2193 hifiUk
c.2193 ELAM overthrown by the GUTI. 2193 hifiGt
c.2192 SHARLAGAB, king of the Guti from 2195 ends.  SHULME succeeds until 2186. 2192 wikLMD 2123 wikGut
c.2191 GORDYENE, under Akkad from 2800, comes under the Guti until 2130. 2191 rcM
c.2191 ESHNUNNA, under Akkad from 2334, comes under the Guti until 2130. 2191 rcM
c.2191 UMMA, under Akkad from 2347, comes under the Guti until 2130. 2191 rcM
c.2191 NIPPUR, under Akkad from 2300, comes under the Guti until 2130. 2191 rcM
c.2191 SHURUPPAK, under Akkad from 2300, comes under the Guti until 2130. 2191 rcM
c.2191 KISH, under Akkad from 2230, comes under the Guti until 2130. 2191 rcM
c.2191 SEA LAND, under Akkad from 2370, comes under the Guti until 2130. 2191 rcM
c.2190 ELUL DAN, king of Akkad at Agade from ??, ends.  DUDU succeeds 2189 until 2169, and restores a semblance of stability. 2227 MRDK, rcM 2190 hifiAk, wikAE
c.2186 SHULME, king of the Guti from 2192 ends.  ELULMESH succeeds until 2180. 2186 wikLMD 2117 wikGut
c.2180 ELULMESH, king of the Guti from 2186 ends.  INIMABAKESH succeeds until 2175. 2180 wikLMD 2111 wikGut
c.2176 Uruk governor Utu-hegal revolts against the Guti. 2176 bk
2120 RAI3 161
c.2175 INIMABAKESH, king of the Guti from 2180, ends.  IGESHAUSH succeeds until 2169. 2175 wikLMD 2106 wikGut
c.2169 DUDU, king of Akkad at Agade from 2189, ends.  Son SHU-DURUL succeeds 2168 until 2154. 2169 RAI3, hifiAk, wikAE 2205 MRDK, rcM
c.2169 IGESHAUSH, king of the Guti from 2175, ends.  YARLAGAB succeeds until 2154. 2169 wikLMD 2100 wikGut
c.2164 KAKU, ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash (probably under the Guti) from ??, ends.  UR-BABA succeeds until 2144. 2164 Bottero, wikLg 2157 wikLMD
2155 RAI3
c.2154 SHU-DURUL, king of Akkad at Agade from 2168, ends.  AKKADIAN EMPIRE collapses.  Began 2334.  Agade is destroyed by occupying Guti "Vipers from the Hills".  The Guti settle near the ruins of Agade, so the south is able to manage its own affairs.  Hurrians exploit the power vacuum in the west. 2191 MRDK, rcM
2190 MCAW, wohiH 2180 LEWH 30, ISBE 3-539       2154 B76 11-969, RAI3, hifiAk, wikAE, wikS
2150 CMoG 3-116
c.2154 ISHME-DAGAN, king of Mari from 2199, ends until 21. 2154 RAI3
c.2154 YARLAGAB, king of the Guti from 2169, ends.  IBATE succeeds until 2151. 2154 wikLMD 2095 wikGut
c.2153 UR-NIGINA becomes king of 4th dyn of Uruk until 2147. 2153 RAI3
c.2151 IBATE, king of the Guti from 2154, ends.  YARLA succeeds until 2148. 2151 wikLMD 2092 wikGut
c.2150 Λ ZIGGURAT at Lagash rebuilt by Gudea. 2150 MCAW
c. 2150  Λ Gilgamesh Epic , begun in Uruk 2675,  Sumerian version 1st written in Sumer.  Includes Gil & the Land of the Living; Gil & the Bull of Heaven; The Deluge, Death of Gil; Gil & Agga; Gil, Enkidu, & the Netherworld.  Known copies are from the Old Babylonian Period based on originals from Ur-3. 2500 bk
22-2100 Tigay: Evolution of the Gil Epic 23, 34
2100 wikEG
c. 2150 Poem  Dream of Gudea , and other religious poems inscribed on cylinders at Lagash.  2150 MCAW
c. 2150 Life size statue of Gudea of Lagash shows a plan of a temple, and a carpenters rule, which enables archaeologists to see that the Sumerian digit = 16.5mm.  2150 MCAW
c. 2150 Amorites (Amurru) furnish MARBLE to Gudea of Lagash 2000 IDB 1-115
c.2150 MEASUREMENT:  Competing systems are unified by Naram Sin under a single official standard, the royal gur-cube. 2150 wikAM
c.2148 YARLA, king of the Guti from 2151, ends.  KURUM succeeds until 2147. 2148 wikLMD 2089 wikGut
c.2147 KURUM, king of the Guti from 2148, ends.  APILKIN succeeds until 2144. 2147 wikLMD 2086 wikGut
c.2147 UR-NIGINA, king of 4th dyn of Uruk from 2153, ends.  UR-GIGIRA succeeds 2146 until 2141. 2147 RAI3
c.2144 APILKIN, king of the Guti from 2147, ends.  LA-ERABUM succeeds until 2142. 2144 wikLMD 2083 wikGut
c.2144 UR-BABA, ensi of Lagash (under the Guti) from 2164, ends.  GUDEA succeeds until 2124. 2150 ENBD 121, MCAW 2144 B76 11-974, Bottero wikLg, wikLMD
2141 RAI3 165
c.2142 LA-ERABUM, king of the Guti from 2144, ends.  IRARUM succeeds until 2140. 2142 wikLMD 2081 wikGut
c.2141 UR-GIGIRA, king of 4th dyn of Uruk from 2146, ends.  3 kings follow until 2120. 2141 RAI3
c.2140 IRARUM, king of the Guti from 2142, ends.  IBRANUM succeeds until 2139. 2140 wikLMD 2079 wikGut
c.2140 AMORITES furnish marble to Gudea of Lagash. 2000 IDB 1-115
c.2139 IBRANUM, king of the Guti from 2140, ends.  HABLUM succeeds until 2137. 2139 wikLMD 2078 wikGut
c.2138 City of Kisurra establishes its own kings, possibly a result of weakening Guti influence.  ITUR-SZAMASZ is king until 2123 2138 hifiGt, hifiKsr
c.2137 HABLUM, king of the Guti from 2139, ends.  PUZUR-SUEN succeeds until 2130. 2137 wikLMD 2076 wikGut
c.2130 PUZUR-SUEN, king of the Guti from 2137, ends.  YARLAGANDA succeeds until 2123. 2130 wikLMD 2123 rcM 2069 wikGut
c.2130 AKKAD, under the Guti from 2154, comes under Amorites until 1900. 2130 rcM
c.2130 KISH, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Amorites until 1900. 2130 rcM 2004 hifiKs
c.2130 GORDYENE, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Amorites until 1750. 2130 rcM
c.2130 UMMA, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Amorites until 1900. 2130 rcM
c.2130 NIPPUR, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Ur until 2004. 2130 rcM
c.2130 SHURUPPAK, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Ur until 2004. 2130 rcM
c.2130 ESHNUNNA, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Ur until 2030. 2130 rcM
c.2130 SEA LAND, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Uruk until 2113. 2130 rcM
c.2126 APIL-KIN becomes king of Mari until 2091. 2126 RAI3
c. 2125 Gudea Cyl.GUDEA CYLINDERS, 2 terracotta cylinders found in Girsu, One 61cm high, diameter 32cm, other 56cm high, diameter 33cm.  A Sumerian myth called the  Building of Ningirsu's temple  is written in cuneiform on them.  Gudea of Lagash rebuilt the temple of Ningirsu in Lagash because of a dream in which he was told to do so.  They are the largest cuneiform cylinders yet discovered and contain the longest known text written in Sumerian language. photo: Ramessos

2125 wikGC
c.2124 GUDEA, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2144 ends.  Son UR-NINGIRSU succeeds until 2119.  After Gudea, Lagash loses importance and fades out. 2124 B76 11-974, wikLg, wikLMD
2122 RAI2, RAI3 165
c.2123 YARLAGANDA, king of the Guti from 2130, ends.  SIUM succeeds until 2116. 2123 wikLMD 2117 rcM 2062 wikGut
c.2123 ITUR-SZAMASZ, king of Kisurra from 2138, ends.  MANABALTIEL succeeds until 2113 2123 hifiKsr
c.2120 North BABYLONIA, overrun by Gutians from 2230, now fully under Gutians. 2120 ENBD 121
c.2123 4th dynasty of Uruk from 2240, ends.  No king until 2120. 2123 RAI3
c.2120 4th dynasty of Uruk from 2240, ends.  5th begins until 2113.  UTU-HEGAL becomes only king of 5th dyn of Uruk until 2112. 2230 CWH     2130 rcM
2123 RAI3     2120 Sag1 55, Sag2 54, hifiUk
2119 wikLMD, wikUk, wikUr3
2116 B76 11-974    2055 wikGt
c.2120 UTU-HEGAL, king of Uruk, throws out the Guti and claims kingship.
GUTIAN PERIOD of Mesopotamia from 2250 ends.  Guti are ejected back to the Zagros Mts.
2150 hifiM, hifiUb     2120 CWH, ISBE 2-582, RAI2 136, Sag2 28, hifiGt, hifiUk 2119 wikS     2100 IDB 4-454     2082 LEWH     2070 FLAP     2050 CMoG 3-116     2047 wohiSA     2040 wikS
c.2119 UR-NINGIRSU, ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2124 ends.  UR-GAR succeeds 2117 until 2113. 2120 rcM     2119 wikLg, wikLMD 2118 RAI2, RAI3
PIRIG-ME succeeds 2117-15. RAI3,
c.2119 2nd Dynasty of UR from 2450, ends.  UTU-HEGAL of Uruk is in charge until 2112. 2119 rcM
c.2116 SIUM, king of the Guti from 2123, ends.  TIRIGAN succeeds until 2109. 2116 wikLMD 2055 wikGut
c.2113 UR-GAR, ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2117 ends.  NAMMAHANI succeeds until 2110.  He cooperates with the Guti, and is considered a traitor to Sumer. 2114 RAI2, RAI3 2113 wikLg, wikLMD
c.2113 MANABALTIEL, king of Kisurra from 2123, becomes vassal to Ur until 2108.  Kisurra is under Ur until 2048 2113 hifiKsr, rcM
c.2113 SEA LAND, under Uruk from 2130, comes under Ur until 2004. 2113 rcM
c.2112 Lagash controls Umma for a short time but with the ascendancy of Ur's 3rd Dynasty, Umma falls under Ur. 2112 hifiUm
c.2112 kingship passes from Uruk to Ur. 2112 hifiUk
c.2112 UR, without a dynasty from 2119, 3rd Dynasty of UR (Ur-3) begins until 2004.
Son-in-law of Utu-hegal, UR NAMMU is 1st king until 2095.
2169 bk 2125 IDB 1-269     2119 rcM
2113 B76 11-969, CAH 2-85, CWH, ENBD 121, MCAW, MRDK, Sag1 55, Sag2 28, 54, WPOT
2112 B76 11-968, RAI3 162, hifiUr, rcM, wikAE, wikEAP, wikGlg, wikS, wikUr3     2100 IDB 4-454, WPOT 188, wikS     2070 ISBE 1-270     2050 KS 83    2048 wikGut    2047 wikGut, wikS, wohiSA, wohiST, wohiNS     2046 RAI3 60
c.2112 UTU-HEGAL, only king of 5th dyn of Uruk from 2120, overlord of Ur from 2019, overthrown by Ur-Nammu of Ur.  Uruk never has another king, and is under Ur until 2004. 2114 Sag1 55, Sag2 54, rcM 2113 MCAW, RAI3, hifiUk, rcM, wikLMD     2112 wikUr3, wikUH     2110 B76 11-974     2048 wikGut
c.2110 SIUM, king of the Guti from 2117, ends.  TIRIQAN succeeds until 2109. 2110 rcM
c.2110 NAMMAHANI, ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2113, killed by Ur-Nammu of Ur.
2nd dynasty of Lagash from 2230 ends.
2111 RAI2, RAI3
2110 wikLg, wikLMD 2100 Sag1
c.2109 TIRIGAN, king of the Guti from 2116, is defeated by Uruk, and retreats into Zagros mountains. 2109 rcM
2055 wikGut
no date: wikLMD
c.2108 mace.Macehead dedicated to Gilgamesh, with transcription of the name Gilgamesh in standard Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform. photo: Rama

2112-04 wikGlg
c.2113 MANABALTIEL, king of Kisurra from 2123, vassal to Ur from 2113, ends.  until 2108.  SZARRASYURRUM is king of Kisurra under Ur until 2093 2113 hifiKsr, rcM
c.2107 ARMENIA founded by legendary HAYK, who rules until 2026. 2107 wikAr, rcCau
c.2100 TELL BRAK (Nagar) in Syria, occupied by Akkadian culture from 2300, now occupied by Post-Akkadian culture until 2000. 2100 wikTBr
c.2100  Law code  promulgated by Ur-Nammu. 2160 bk
c.2100 ZIGGURAT of Ur, begun by Ur-Nammu 2900.  Finished by Shulgi.  A temple on top to moon god (Sumerian name: Nanna; Akkadian name: Suen). 2100 ISBE 4-952
no date: ISBE 4-952
c.2100 ADAB, south of Nippur, under Kish from 2550, comes under Ur until 2000. 2100 rcM
2100 Sumerian LANGUAGE: Old or Classical Sumerian from 2600 ends.  Neo-Sumerian begins until 2000. 2300 B76 I-177, 17-797
2100 wikSL
c.2100 Temple of Suen with 80ft tower built at Ur by Ur Nammu. 2100 MCAW
Sumerian moon god Nanna = Akkadian moon god Suen.
c.2100 CANAL built by Ur-Nammu, dedicated to moon god Suen. 2100 MCAW
c.2100 UR NAMMU, king of Ur, law & order man, says "By the laws of righteous Shamash, forever I establish justice."  Sumerian weights & measures standardized. 2100 MCAW
c.2100  The Curse of Agade  is written during the 3rd Dynasty of Ur.  It says Naram Sin, in claiming to be a god, angered Enlil, who then sends the Guti to destroy the city of Akkad.  no date: wohi, wohiNS
c. 2100 AMORITES enter north Mesopotamia, remain until 2000. 2100 hifiLr, wikS
c.2098 RIM-SIN becomes king of Larsa until 20??. 2098 ISBE 2-127
c.2095 UR NAMMU, 1st king of 3rd Dynasty of UR from 2112, ends.  SHULGI succeeds 2094 until 2047. 2150 bk     2096 Sag1 55, Sag2 54, WPOT     2095 MRDK, RAI3 168, Sag1 56, Sag2 57, hifiUr, wikAE, wikEAP 2094 B76 9-831, WPOT 10, wikUr3 2030 wikGlg, wikGut, wohiSA
c.2094 Shu-Sin rules disintegrating Ur empire until 2086. 2094 bk
c.2093 SZARRASYURRUM, king of Kisurra under Ur from 2113, ends.  UBAYA succeeds until 2078. 2093 hifiKsr, rcM
c.2091 APIL-KIN, king of Mari from 2126, ends. 2091 RAI3
c.2090 SHULGI, 2nd king of 3rd Dynasty of UR, extends his father's empire to include all Assyrian city states, re-conquers Susa from Elam, and may have finished the rebuilding work at Nippur. The vassal kings of Kisurra are removed entirely. no date: hifiUr
c.2090 ASSUR comes under 3rd dynasty of Ur until 2025. guess
c.2090 3rd dynasty of Lagash begins until 2023.  4 kings, all vassals of Ur. 2090 wikLg
c.2083 Eshnunna becomes independent. 2083 bk
c.2083 URGUEDINNA, governor of Eshnunna under Shulgi of Ur from ??, ends.  BAMU succeeds until . 2247 wikEsn
c.2078 UBAYA, king of Kisurra under Ur from 2093, ends.  ZIKRUM succeeds until 2063. 2078 hifiKsr, rcM
c.2075 LAGASH becomes one of the largest cities in the world until 2030. 2075 wikLg
c.2071 TURAM-DAGAN becomes king of Mari until 2051. 2071 RAI3
c.2068 SHULGI, 2nd king of 3rd Dynasty of UR, tries to forge an alliance with king of Marhashi, giving his dau, Nialimmidashu, in marriage to the king. 2068 hifiUr
c.2065 ESHNUNNA dynasty begins, has 28 Amorite kings until 1762. 2065 hifiEs 2050 CWH
c.2065  Sumerian King List  compiled.  8 pre-Flood kings total 241,200 years.  2065 IDB 2-768
c.2063 ZIKRUM, king of Kisurra under Ur from 2078, ends.  Unknown ruler until 2048. 2063 hifiKsr, rcM
c.2061 Shulgi of Ur appoints UR-LISI, the first Girizal (family name) governor of Umma until 2058. 2061 hifiUm
c.2051 TURAM-DAGAN, king of Mari from 2071, ends.  PUZUR-ISHTAR succeeds 2050 until 2025. 2051 RAI3
c.2051 Shulgi of Ur turns his part of Kurdistan into a Sumerian province. 2051 RAI3 169
by 2050 ERIDU has declined.  Evidence of occupation fades out. by 2050 bk
c.2050 DILMUN is seen as a Sumerian island paradise, where: "The lion does not kill.  The wolf snatches not the lamb.  Its old women say not, I am an old woman.  Its old men say not, I am an old man.". 2050 CMoG 3-107-8
c.2048 KISURRA, vassal to Ur from 2113, having no known ruler from 2063, annexed by Ur until 2030. 2048 hifiKsr, rcM
c.2047 SHULGI, 2nd king of 3rd Dynasty of UR from 2094, ends.  AMAR-SIN succeeds 2046 until 2038. 2103 bk     2048 CAH 2-279, Sag1 56, Sag2 57, 60     2047 B76 9-831, MRDK, RAI3 168, Sag1 57, WPOT 110, hifiUr, wikEr     2046 wikEAP, wikUr3     1982 wohiSA
c.2045 ERIDU, main city of Sumer from 4200, abandoned because water is too salty.  Kingship is removed to Bad-tibira (Biblical Tubal); temple is E-mush-kalamma; main god Lulal. 2045 hifiS
c.2040 AMAR-SIN, 5th king of 3rd Dynasty of UR, renovates ancient Sumerian sites, works on the ziggurat at Eridu, though Eridu is abandoned during his reign.  Hamazi comes under Ur.  Amar-Sin has to campaign against Arwilukpi, the new king of Marhashi. no date: hifiUr
c.2038 UR-LISI, first Girizal governor of Umma from 2061, ends.  Bro AKALA succeeds until 2029. 2038 hifiUm
c.2038 AMAR-SIN, 3rd king of 3rd Dynasty of UR from 2046, ends.  Bro SHU-SIN succeeds 2037 until 2029. 2039 Sag1 57, Sag2 60
2038 MRDK, RAI3 175, hifiUr, wikEr     2037 WPOT 110, wikEAP, wikUr3
c.2034 SHU-SIN, king of 3rd Dynasty of UR, builds "Amorite wall" around Ur, as defense against West Semites.  2034 Sag2 64
c.2034 Ur / Amorite wars begin until 2004. 2034 hifiLr, wikS
c.2030 ESHNUNNA, under Ur from 2130, independent until ??.  ILSHU-ILIA is king until ??. 2030 rcM
c.2030 BUR SIN, king of Kisurra from ??, ends.  IBBI-SHAMASH succeeds until 2013. 2030 wikKsr, '  
c.2030 KISURRA, annexed by Ur 2048, independent under IBBI-SHAMASH until 2013. 2030 hifiKsr, rcM
c.2029 AKALA, 2nd Girizal governor of Umma from 2038, ends.  Bro DADAGA succeeds until 2022. 2029 hifiUm
c.2029 SHU-SIN, 4th king of 3rd Dynasty of UR from 2037, dies.  IBBI-SIN succeeds 2028 until 2004. 2030 Sag1 57, Sag2 60, RAI2 2029 MRDK, RAI3 175, WPOT 110, hifiUr, wikEAP, wikOAP, wikS     2028 wikUr3
c.2028 IBBI-SIN, king of 3rd Dynasty of UR, starts losing control of his neighbors. 2028 Sag1 57
c.2026 Legendary HAYK, king of Armenia from 2107, ends.  ARMENAK succeeds until 1980. 2026 rcCau
c.2026 ESHNUNNA, under Ur from ?, breaks away in 2nd year of Ibbi-Sin.  Eshnunna king Shu-ilija maintains good relations with Ishbi-Erra of Isin as does his successor.  2026 RAI3 176
c.2025 ASSUR, under Ur from 2090, becomes independent under PUZUR-ASHUR-I until . 2025 wikA, wikEAP, wikOAP
c.2025 EARLY ASSYRIAN Period from 2600 ends.  OLD ASSYRIAN Period begins until 1364. 2025 wikA
c.2025 LARSA breaks away from Ur's control in 3rd year of Ibbi-Sin, becoming at least semi-independent and forming its own line of kings.  In Anatolia, it is likely that a Larsa trading colony is established at Kanesh. 2025 hifiLr
c.2025 SUSA breaks away from Ur's control in 3rd year of Ibbi-Sin. 2025 RAI3 176
c.2025 PUZUR-ISHTAR, king of Mari from 2051, ends.  HILAL-ERRA succeeds until 2016. 2025 RAI3
c.2025 With the power of Ur-3 crumbling, LARSA, becomes independent, until 1998.  Amorite NAPLANUM is 1st king until 2004. 2025 CWH, MRDK, RAI3 177, frM, hifi, hifiLr, rcM, wikLMD
c.2023 AMORITES break thru Ur defenses into Sumer. 2023 RAI3 176
c.2023 ISHBI-ERRA of Mari, working for Ur, on grain buying mission in Isin and Kazallu, sends a letter to Ur saying grain price has doubled, he could not complete his mission because of Amorite inerference.  He asks permission to defend Isis and Nippur.  Ibbi-Sin agrees, and offers to buy his grain at double the agreed price. 2023 RAI3 177
c.2023 ISHBI-ERRA of Mari, is put in charge of Isin and Nippur by Ibbi-Sin.  He repairs their defensive walls. 2023 2021 IDB 2-266 no date: Sag1 58
c.2023 3rd dynasty of Lagash, vassals of Ur from 2090, ends.  Last king Ir-Nanna declares independence from Ur, and drops out of history.
LAGASH, comes under either Amorites or Elamites until 1998.
2023 RAI3, hifi, hifiLG, rcM
c.2022 NIPPUR, under Ur from ??, goes independent until 2014. 2022 Sag1 58
c.2022 DADAGA, 3rd Girizal governor of Umma from 2029, ends.  Bro UR-EE succeeds until ??. 2022 hifiUm
c.2022 After Ibbi-Sins 6th year, cities of the empire no longer make offerings to chief deity Nanna (Akkadian Suen) of Ur.  2022 Sag1 57
c.2017 South Mesopotamia is fading in power as harvests fail and population declines.  In Ibbi-Sin 12th year, one of Ibbi-Sin's officials, ISHBI-ERRA moves from Ur to the subject city of Isin and creates his own city state.  His dynasty lasts until 1794. 2073 bk     2018 wikIs 2017 B76 11-975, CWH, RAI3 177, Sag2 66, frM, hifiIs, hifiUr
c.2017 ISIN founded by Amorite ISHBI-ERRA, 1st ensi of Isin & Nippur until 1985.
ISHBI-ERRA DYNASTY begins until 1794.
2017 RAI3, Sag1 62, hifiIs, hifiUr, wikLMD
1794 B76 11-975, CAH I-2, CWH, MRDK, RAI2, RAI3, Sag 65, frM, hifiIs
c.2016 Ensi of Kazallu appeals to Ibbi-Sin of Ur for help against encroachment of Ishbi-Erra of Isin.  Help is refused.  2016 hifiKz
c.2016 HILAL-ERRA, king of Mari from 2025, ends.  HANUN-DAGAN succeeds until 2008. 2016 RAI3
c.2016 Province of Hamazi is occupied and plundered by Isin as Ur empire collapses. 2016 hifiIs, hifiUr
c.2014 NIPPUR, independent from 2022, comes under Ishbe-Erra of Isin. 2014 Sag1 62
c.2013 IBBI-SHAMASH, final king of Kisurra from 2030, is removed by Ur.  Kisurra is back under Ur until ??. 2013 hifiKsr, hifiUr, rcM, wikKsr, '  
c.2013 Kazallu is conquered by Isin. 2013 hifiIs, hifiUr
c.2010 Ishbi-Erra of Isin (in his 9th year) defeats Subartu and installs Nurahum as king of Eshnunna. 2010 wikEsn
c.2007 SUMERIA is invaded by the Amorite king of Mari from the north, and Elamites from the east. 2007 Sag1 59
c.2004 NAPLANUM, 1st Amorite king of Larsa from 2025, ends.  EMISUM succeeds until 1998. 2005 RAI2, RAI3, Sag1, wikLMD     2004 MRDK, RAI3, frM, hifiLr, rcM
c.2004 ELAMITES are at the walls of Ur. 2004 RAI3 177
c.2004 3rd Dynasty of Ur from 2112 ends.  IBBI-SIN, 5th king of 3rd Dynasty of UR from 2028, is captured by Elamite king, Kindattu, and taken along with the image od Nanna (Suen) to Anshan.  UR is sacked, and becomes independent under Elamite rulers until 1998. 2038 RAI3 60     2006 CAH 2-85, CWH, ENBD 121, MRDK, Sag1 57, Sag2 60, hifi???, hifiS, hifiUr     2004 B76 11-968, RAI3 162, 177, WPOT 110, wikEAP, wikGlg, wikNnv, wikOAP, wikS, wikSms, wikUr3     1940 wikS 1750 wohiNS, wohiST
c.2004 With the collapse of Sumerian civilization and fall of Ur, URUK is briefly occupied by invading Elamites before coming under Isin. 2004 hifiUk
c.2004 ELAMITES control much of Sumer until 1998. 2004 hifiLg
c.2004 KISH comes under Amorites until ??. 2004 hifiKs     1040 wikB
c.2004 CARCHEMISH comes under Amorites until ??. 2004 hifiCr
c.2004 NIPPUR, under Ur from 2130, comes under Elam until 1750. 2002 rcM
c.2004 SHURUPPAK, under Ur from 2130, abandoned. 2002 rcM
c.2004 SEA LAND, under Ur from 2113, comes under Elam until 1750. 2002 rcM

Mesopotamia 2000-1595
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