pre 2500 | 4 wheeled Λ CHARIOTS V, used in Sumeria. See Asia: 2200. | pre-2500 SHT 1-209 |
c.2500 | COVERED WAGONS with leather or linnen covers are represented by Sumerian models. | 2500 ISBE 4-895 |
c.2500 | Eshnunna: A CYLINDER SEAL contains pictures of elephant, rhinocerous, crocodile - all Indian workmanship. | 2500 FLAP 19 |
c.2500 | Royal cemetery at Ur begins. Bodies are always lying on side. Most are wrapped in matting or in coffins of wood, wicker, or clay, and buried in rectangular pits. Aristocracy have tombs of brick or stone. Goods include bracelets, necklaces, vanity cases, tools, weapons, food, drink. | 2500 FLAP 34 |
c.2500 | MARTU (Amorites) tribe of West Semites overrun west Mesopotamia, press EnMerkar of Uruk. Soon absorbed into Sumerian culture. | 2500 hifiMs no date: Sag1 41 |
c.2500 | Sumerian literature begins. | 2500 wohiST |
c.2500 | Λ GILGAMESH, former 5th king of Uruk 2680-60, is now a god, and judge of the underworld. | 2500 Tigny: Evol of the Gil epic 13 |
c.2500 | ILSHU becomes king of Mari until 2470. | 2500 hifiMr, rcS |
c.2500 | ARAM mentioned as a place name northeast of Syria, probably not Semitic. | 2500 IDB 1-186 |
c.2500 | Uruk, under 1st Dynasty from 3400, is defeated and kingship taken to Ur. 1st dynasty of URUK from 3400, ends. 2nd dynasty begins until 2350. ENPIRIGDU-ANNA is 1st king until ??. |
2550 hifiUk 2500 CWH ,wikUk 2250 hifiUk |
2nd dynasty begins 2440 to 2420. | hifiUk, |
c.2500 | IMDUGUD, a lion-headed eagle deity, shown between 2 stags in a relief on a copper lintel, probably above a temple door in el-Ubaid. | photo: Vassil 29-2460 IDBS 59 26-2400 wikTUCL |
c.2500 | Λ ZIGGURATS V built in Nippur, Ur, Uruk, and Eridu. | 2500 bk |
c.2500 | SWORD BLADES, copper from ??, evolve to bronze, gold, and even a little iron in Anatolia & Mesopotamia. | 2500 ISBE 4-1037 |
c.2500 | Λ CUNEIFORM script, invented 3100, taught in Sumerian schools. | 2500 bk |
c.2500 | Libraries established at Shuruppak and Eresh (location unknown). | 2500 bk |
c.2500 | GEOMETRY: A Sumerian tablet at Fara (Shuruppak) contains a table for calculating the surface of square shaped fields. | 2500 KS 93 |
c.2500 | SYLLABIC script is used in Sumerian literature at Abu Shalabikh. | 2500 PW 14 |
by 2500 | CALAH, at confluence of the Tigris and Zab rivers, occupied. | by 2500 ISBE 1-572 |
c.2500 | Ur-Nanshe builds canals at Lagash. | 2500 bk |
c.2500 | Lagash and Umma have border conflict until 2300. | 2500 wikLg |
c.2500 | CAMELS, present at Mari, begin to appear in iconography. | 2500 Andre Parrot: Abe & his times 100 |
c.2500 | Bull moon lion bird plaque from Sumer. | 2500 CMoG 3-55 |
c.2500 | IRON smelted in Near East. | 2500 bk |
c.2500 | CONSTELLATIONS of Leo, Taurus, Scorpius, Gemini, Capricorn, and Sagittarius are invented. These zodiac constellations mark the path of Sun, Moon, and planets thruout the year. | 3-2000 Copilot |
c.2500 | Akkadian cuneiform begins. Lasts until 2000. Simplified to 600 signs | 2500 TTPC cnwr, wikCun |
c.2500 | EBLAITE language begins until 2300. | 2500 ISBE 4-1149 |
c.2500 | CIRCUMCISION, in Egypt from 6000, evidenced in north Syria. | 3-2000 CAH 2-342 |
c.2494 | LUGALSHAGENSUR last traditional priest-king (ensi) of Lagash, is replaced by UR-NANSHE. Lagash enters Sumerian politics. 1st Dynasty of Lagash is founded by throwing off Ur's domination. UR-NANSHE is 1st king of 1st Dynasty of Lagash until 2465. His dynasty lasts until 2365. | 2550 rcM 2520 B76 11-969, wikLg 2500 KS 79, wikEDP, wikLg, wikUN 2494 hifiLg 2450 KS 53 |
c.2485 | ANNEPADA, 2nd king of 1st dynasty of Ur from 2525, ends. MESKIAGNUNNA succeeds and rules 36 years until 2440. . | 2485 RAI3 no date: wik1DU |
c.2480 | AGUR-LIM, king of Ebla from 2500, ends. IB-DAMU succeeds until 2460. | 2480 wikLKEb |
c.2470 | ILSHU, king of Mari from 2500, ends. LAMGI succeeds until 2450. | 2480 rcS 2470 hifiMr |
c.2465 | UR-NANSHE, 1st king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2494, dies, leaving inscriptions on buildings and a bas relief of himself and his family. Son AKURGAL succeeds until 2455. | 2465 hifiLg 2460 wikLg |
c.2460 | IB-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2480, ends. BAGA-DAMU succeeds until 2440. | 2460 wikLKEb |
c.2455 | AKURGAL, 2nd king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2465, ends. EANNATUM succeeds until 2425. | 2455 RAI3 141, hifiLg 2450 wikLg |
c.2455 | Kingship passes to Lagash (not mentioned on the king lists), along with control of Ur during the lifetime of Eannatum of Lagash. | 2455 wikUr |
c.2450 | MARI penetrates almost to Lagash during reign of Eannatum. | no date: Sag1 48 |
c.2450 | Lagash king Eannatum gains dominance over south Sumer cities. | 2470 MCAW |
c.2450 | King Kun-Damu of Ebla defeats Mari. | 2450 wikMri |
c.2450 | AKKAD Dynasty Period begins until 2250. | 2520 hifiUb |
c.2450 | LAMGI, king of Mari from 2470, ends. IKUN-SHAMASH succeeds until 2445. | 2450 hifiMr, rcS |
c.2450 | Lagash king Eannatum wars on Elamites and Mari and defeats both. | 2450 bk, wikEDP |
c.2450 | MESKIAGNUNNA, 3rd king of 1st dynasty of UR from 2485, ends. ELULU succeeds until ?. | 2450 RAI3 |
c.2450 | 1st dynasty of UR from 2560 ends. 2nd dynasty of UR begins until 2119. | 2450 rcM |
c.2450 | EANNATUM, king of 1st dyn of Lagash 2455-25, claims to have conquered Mari. | 2450 ISBE 4-338 |
c. 2450 | After a border dispute, EANNATUM, king of Lagash, defeats Ush king of Umma. To comemmorate it, Eannatum carves Stele of the Vultures V, the earliest known war monument.
Originally a single slab of limestone, 1.8m tall x 1.3m wide x .11m thick, but now in 7 fragments found at Girsu. The 2 sides show a mythological side with religious scenes, and a historical side with battle scenes. The upper, larger register of the mythological side shows a large male holding a mace in his right hand and an anzu or lion-headed eagle in his left hand. The anzu identifies him as the god Ningirsu. Below the anzu is a large net filled with bodies of naked men. Behind Ningirsu stands a smaller female wearing a horned headband and with maces protruding from her shoulders. She is the goddess Ninhursag. The lower, smaller register is damaged. The historical side has 4 horizontal registers. The upper shows Eannatum (his name is inscribed around his head), leading soldiers into battle, with their defeated enemies trampled below their feet. Flying above them are vultures after which the stele is named, with the severed heads in their beaks. The 2nd register shows soldiers marching with shouldered spears behind the king, who is riding a Λ CHARIOTV and holding a spear. In the 3rd register, a small part of a possibly seated figure can be seen. In front of him, a cow is tethered to a pole while a naked priest standing on a pile of dead animal bodies performs a libation ritual on 2 plants spouting from vases. Left of these scenes is a pile of naked bodies surrounded by skirted workers with baskets on their head. What remains of the 4th register shows a hand holding a spear that touches the head of an enemy. |
photo: foreign alphabet 2600-2350 wikSV 2550 ISBE 4-1036, 1038 2470 MCAW 2450 wikEDP, wikLg |
c.2450 | LANCES (javelins, long spears) evidenced in Eannatum stele. | 2550 ISBE 4-1036, 1038 |
c.2450 | SWORD: Khopesh sword first portrayed in Stele of the Vultures. usually 50-60cm long. It is only sharpened on the outside of the curve. Discontinued 1300. | drawing: Pjmohedano wikKps |
c.2445 | IKUN-SHAMASH, king of Mari from 2450, ends. IKUN-SHAMAGAN succeeds until 2425. | 2445 hifiMr, rcS |
c.2440 | MARI has frequent wars against the dominant Lagash until 2425. | 2440 hifiMr |
c.2440 | AGADE conquered by En-cakanca-ana of URUK, who claims hegemony over Sumer. | 2440 hifiAk |
c.2440 | BAGA-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2460, ends. ENAR-DAMU succeeds until 2420. | 2440 wikLKEb |
c.2440 | MESKIAGNUNNA, king of 1st dynasty of Ur from 2485, ends. ELULU succeeds and rules 25 years until 2415. | no date: wik1DU, |
c.2440 | URUK, kingless from 2500, 2nd dynasty of Uruk begins until 2350. | 2440 hifiUk |
c.2430 | Eannatum raises his 2450 Stele of the Vultures in place of Mesilim's destroyed stele. | 2430 hifiLg |
c.2430 | ENSHAKUSHANA becomes king of 2nd dyn of Uruk until 2400. | 2430 RAI3 no date: |
c.2430 | KISH is defeated by Uruk or Lagash. 2nd dynasty of Kish from 2605, ends. AKSHAK is dominant city until 2360. |
2430 hifiKs |
c.2430 | Lugalure of Uruk helps Lagash defeat Umma. | 2430 hifiLg, hifiUk, hifiUm |
c.2425 | IKUN-SHAMAGAN, king of Mari from 2445, ends. ANSUD succeeds until 2416. Mari / Lagash wars from 2440 end. |
2425 hifiMr, rcS 2423 wikLKM 2380 wikLKM |
IBLUL-IL succeeds until 2400 | hifiMr, rcS, wikLKM |
c.2425 | EANNATUM, king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2455, dies. Bro ENANNATUM succeeds until 2405. | 2425 RAI3 141, 143, hifiLg 2420 wikLg |
c.2425 | Urlumma of Umma drains the boundary canal at Girsu and destroys shrines there, forcing Enannatum of Lagash to defend the religious center by offering battle at Ugigga, in the fields near Girsu. Urlumma is defeated and flees, only to be killed at Umma. Enannatum establishes a vassal ruler at Umma. | 2425 hifiUm |
c.2420 | ENAR-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2440, ends. ESHAR-MALIK succeeds until 2400. | 2420 wikLKEb |
c.2416 | ANSUD, king of Mari from 2425, ends. SAUMU succeeds until 2400. | 2416 wikLKM |
c.2415 | ELULU, king of 1st dynasty of Ur from 2440, ends. BALULU succeeds and rules 36 years until 2379. | no date: wik1DU |
c.2410 | Lagash king Urukagina reforms priesthood. | 2410 bk |
c.2410 | 2414-2390 Lugalzagesi rules Umma, plunders Lagash. | 2410 bk |
c.2405 | ENANNATUM-I, 4th king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2425, ends. Son ENTEMENA succeeds until 2375. | 2450 rcM 2405 hifiLg 2400 wikLg |
c.2400 | HURRIANS from Transcaucasus, migrate to Armenia until 2300. | 2400 Sag1 77, smieHr 2300 IDBS 423, ISBE 2-756, WPOT 18 |
c.2400 | ZAIPA (Tell Hammam et-Turkman) on the left bank of the Balikh River valley in north Syria gets an 8m wide city wall with upper chambers. | 2400 wikTHT' |
c.2400 | TELL BRAK in Syria, called NAGAR from 2600, occupied by Ninevite 5 culture from 2900, now occupied by Post-Ninevite 5 culture until 2300. | 2400 wikTBr |
c.2400 | CAMELS at Mari, evidenced by bones. | 2400 ISBE 1-584 |
c.2400 | Domestic HORSES, in Asia from 4350, Anatolia from 2450, spread to north Mesopotamia. South Mesopotamia 2000, Levant1600. | 2400 Copilot |
c.2400 | Mari Texts written in Akkadian. | 2400 wikPAs |
c.2400 | Barton Cylinder , oldest known inscribed clay CYLLINDER is at Nippur. A mythological text inscribed in Sumerian cuneiform. Nippur is pre-existing before creation when heaven and earth separated. 1st part describes the sanctuary of Nippur, detailing a marriage between An and Ninhursag, sister of Enlil, during which heaven and earth touch. 2nd part says that someone, perhaps Enki, balled mother goddess, Ninhursag and planted the seed of 7 twin deities in her. Ninhursag is a snake goddess who creates enchantments, incantations, and oils, to protect from demons. Tigris and Euphrates are twice spoken of as holy rivers. A "well of the mighty abyss" is appealed-to for protection. | 2400 ISBE 4-658, wikBC |
c.2400 | IBLUL-IL, king of Mari, conquers EBLA. | 2400 hifiMr |
c.2400 | SAUMU, king of Mari from 2416, ends. ISHTUP-ISAR succeeds until ??. | 2400 wikLKM |
c.2400 | IBLUL-IL, king of Mari from 2425, ends. Unknown kings follow. | 2400 hifiMr, rcS |
c.2400 | ESHAR-MALIK, king of Ebla from 2420, ends. KUN-DAMU succeeds until 2380. | 2400 wikLKEb |
c.2400 | ENSHAKUSHANA, king of 2nd dyn of Uruk from 2430, ends. LUGAKKINISHEDUDU succeeds until ??. | 2450 rcM 2400 RAI3 |
c.2390 | Kish king Sargon defeats Lugalzagesi. | 2390 bk |
c.2380 | KUN-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2400, ends. ADUB-DAMU succeeds until 2360. | 2380 wikLKEb |
c.2380 | LAGASH ist Dynasty from 2550 ends. | 2380 hifiUb 2300 wikLg 2270 wikS |
c.2379 | BALULU, king of 1st dynasty of Ur for 36 years from 2415, ends. | no date: wik1DU |
c.2375 | Ebla Tablets written in 2 languages: Sumerian and Eblaite, a previously unknown language that used Sumerian cuneiform. 1,800 complete clay tablets, 4,700 fragments, and many thousands of chips found in palace archives. Contain king lists for Ebla, royal ordinances, edicts, treaties, gazetteers listing place names, 1st known references to Canaanites, Ugarit, Lebanon, Haran, possibly also Salem, Sodom, Gomorrah. 7,000 in existence. . | 3200 ISBE 3-338 3-2000 basl 2500-2250 wikET 2400 ISBE 3-395, wikPAs 24-2300 wikET 2400-2250 ISBE 1-273 |
c.2375 | ENTEMENA, king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2405, ends. Son ENANNATUM-II succeeds until 2365. | 2470 RAI2 2375 hifiLg 2370 wikLg |
c.2370 | UMMA, independent from ?, comes under Uruk until 2347. | 2370 rcM |
c.2370 | SEA LAND comes under Akkad until 2191. | 2370 rcM |
c.2370 | 3rd dynasty of Kish begins until 2330. KUBAU, a brothel or inn keeper becomes ruler of Kish. She is the only known queen in Sumerian history. |
2500 wikEDP 2400 hifiKs 2370 MCAW |
c.2365 | ENANNATUM-II, king of 1st dyn of Lagash from 2375, ends. 1st (Ur-Nanshe) dyn from 2494 ends. Usurper priest ENETARZI succeeds until 2359. 2nd dynasty of Lagash begins until 2300. XX 2230 | 2428 RAI2 2365 hifiLg 2360 wikLg 2300 wikEDP 2230 wikLg |
c.2360 | Dominance of AKSHAK from 2430 ends. KISH 4th dynasty of Kish, consisting of only PUZUR-SIN, begins until 2340. |
2360 hifiKs |
c.2360 | ADUB-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2380, ends. IGRISH-HALAM succeeds until 2340. | 2360 wikLKEb |
c.2359 | ENETARZI, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2365, ends. LUGALANDA succeeds until 2352. | 2384 rcM 2359 hifiLg 2350 wikLg |
c.2355 | LUGALZAGESSI becomes king of Umma until 2330, overthrows dominance of Lagash. | 2358 wohiSA 2355 hifiUk, hifiUm 2340 RAI3 145 |
c.2353 | Priest-king Lugalzaggesi of Umma captures Uruk and Akshak, claims an empire which extends from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf. | 2358 wikEDP 2353 hifiUm |
c.2352 | LUGALANDA, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2359, ends. URUKAGINA succeeds until 2342. | 2415 RAI2 2378 CAH 2-998, rcM 2352 hifiLg 2350 wikLg |
c.2350 | EARLY DYNASTIC-III Period ends. Began 2600. | 2370 Sag2 28, WPOT 2350 wikEAP, wikEDP, wikLMD 2334 RAI3 122 |
c.2350 | LUGALZAGESSI, king of Uruk and Umma, seizes most of Lower Mesopotamia. | 2350 wikEDP |
c.2350 | Enshakushanna of Uruk seized Kish and imprisoned its king Embi-Ishtar. | 2350 wikEDP |
c.2350 | URUKAGINA, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash 2352-42, writes Reform Texts . | 2360 Bottero |
c.2350 | URUKAGINA, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash 2352-42, defeats Enannatum. | 2375 ENBD 120 |
c.2350 | ENNA-DAGAN, king of Mari, writes to IRKAB-DAMU of Ebla. Enna mentions his predecessors and their military achievements. Earliest king in the letter, Ansud, attacked Ebla and conquered many Eblaite cities, including the land of Belan. Next king is Saumu, who conquered the lands of Raak and Nirum. King Kun-Damu of Ebla defeats Mari in mid 25th cent. The war continued with Ishtup-Isar of Mari's conquest of Emar at a time of Eblaite weakness in mid-24th centBC. King Igrish-Halam of Ebla pays tribute to Iblul-Il of Mari, who conquered many Eblaite cities and campaigned in Burman. | 2350 wikMri |
c. 2350 | Akkad before expansion in green. Territory of Sumer under its last king Lugal-Zagesi in orange. |
photo: Zunkir 2350 wikAE |
c.2350 | AKSHAK comes under Lugal-zagesi. | 2350 wikAks |
c.2350 | OLD SUMERIAN LITERARY Period ends. Began
2800. Akkadian language is first attested, and survives with Sumerian until c.1800. Writing became intelligible. Archaic texts of Ur are earliest tablets that can be fully interpreted The temple establishment headed by council of elders led by a priestly "En" shifts to a more secular Lugal (Lu = man, Gal = great). |
2350 lost the source |
c.2350 | Imports from the Indus Valley to Ur are first evidenced, and continue until 1900. | 2350 wikIMR, wikUr3 |
c.2350 | Eblaic Language begins until ??. Written in cuneiform, oldest member of NW Semitic language. | 2350 ISBE 2-658 |
c.2350 | The short-lived empire of Lugalannemundu of Adab subjects the Guti. | 2350 hifiGt |
c.2350 | First LAW CODE drafted by Urukagina, king of Lagash. | 2350 wohiST |
c.2350 | 2nd dynasty of URUK from 2500, overthrown by LUGALZAGESSI, ensi of Umma, the only ruler of the 3rd dynasty of Uruk until 2330. | 2420 hifiUk 2400 CWH, RAI2 2371 CAH 2-998, rcM 2350 wikUk 2294 wikEDP 2220 hifiUk |
3rd dynasty begins 2355-2330. | hifiUk, |
c.2347 | UMMA, under Uruk from 2370, comes under Akkad until 2191. | 2347 rcM |
c.2345 | Fireball bombardment in area of modern Tell Leilan in north Syria, as evidenced by tree-ring chronologies and microscopic glass spherules. | 2345 CWH, kpol |
c.2342 | URUKAGINA, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2352, ends. Lugalzaggesi of Umma sacks Lagash and burns all of its temples. Urukagina flees to Girsu, which doesn't seem to have fallen to Umma, and disappears from history. Lugalzaggesi tries to revive the Sumerian League and religious city of Nippur. | 2400 RAI2, Sag1 48 2371 rcM 2342 hifiLg 2340 MCAW |
c.2340 | NIZI, king of Mari from ??, ends. ENNA-DAGAN succeeds until 2320. | 2340 wikLKM |
c.2340 | IGRISH-HALAM, king of Ebla from 2360, ends. IRKAB-DAMU succeeds until 2320. | 2340 wikLKEb |
c. 2340 | EBLA at maximum extent. |
photo: Semhur 2340 wikEDP |
c.2340 | 4th dynasty of Kish, consisting of only PUZUR-SIN from 2360, ends. 5th dynasty of Kish begins until 2334. UR-ZABABA is king until ??. URUK becomes dominant until ??. |
2340 hifiKs |
c.2340 | LUGALZAGESI tries to conquer Kish under Ur-Zababa, maybe succeeds. | no date: Sag1 |
c.2340 | LUGALZAGESI boasts of ruling everything from Mediterranean to Persian Gulf. | 2340 MCAW |
c.2334 | EARLY DYNASTIC Period ends. Began
2900. EARLY DYNASTIC-III ends. Began 2600. .OLD AKKADIAN Period begins until 2230. |
2500 ENBD 120 2400 SOTS 22 2370 ISBE 2-582, Sag2 28, WPOT 2360 FLAP 2350 ISBE 1-265, TTPC, wikEAP, wikGlg, wikLMD 2334 B76 CWH, RAI3 22, 79, 122, Sag1, hifiM, hifiS, hifiUb, wikA, wikS, wohiST 2300 IDB 4-455, wikUk |
c.2334 | 5th dynasty of Kish from 2340 ends. SARGON usurps throne of Kish, builds new capital, AKKAD. rules until 2279. AKKADIAN EMPIRE begins until 2154. Sargon dynasty lasts until 2218. |
2371 CAH 2-257, CWH, ENBD 120, MRDK, RAI2, Sag1 49, Sag2 28, 46, TAWH 16, rcM 2370 ISBE 1-65 2360 ISBE 3-539 2350 ISBE 4-337, RAH 39 2334 B76 11-247, 969, RAI3 154, hifiAk, hifiS, wikAE, wikEAP, wikEDP, wikLMD, wikS, wikSA, wohiNS, wohiSA 2331 MCAW |
c.2334 | Sargon's wars established Akkadian empire. His policy is centralize control: destroy walls of Babylonian cities, install Akkadians with reliable garrisons to govern cities, summon all powerful locals to Akkad as hostages. | 2375 TTPC 2370 bk 2334 wikS |
c.2334 | MARI, a Semitic city state from 2550, is destroyed, probably by Sargon, becomes a village under Akkad until 2260. | 2334 hifiMr, rcS 2300 ISBE 3-246 |
c.2334 | ESHNUNNA comes under Akkad until 2191. | 2371 rcM |
c.2330 | LUGALZAGESSI, last ethnically Sumerian king of Umma from 2355, only king of 3rd dynasty of URUK from 2350, is defeated and captured by Sargon of Akkad. Sargon claims the empire and kingship. Uruk is kingless until conquered 2280. | 2347 rcM 2334 wikUk, wohiSA 2330 hifiUk 2316 RAI3 2270 wikEDP 2260 CWH 2250 ISBE 3-539 |
c.2330 | Kashtubila king or ensi of Kazallu, revolts against Sargon of Agade. Kazallu is apparently devastated. | 2330 hifiKz |
c.2330 | 3rd dynasty of Kish from 2370 ends. | 2330 wikEDP |
c.2330 | Kingship of Umma? passes next to Elamite Awan. | 2330 hifiUm |
c.2330 | LAGASH loses independence to Sargon's Akkadian empire (which also serves to end the internecine war between it and Umma). The priest-kings become Akkadian vassals until 2193, the overthrow of the empire by the Guti, when the priest-kings regain their independence, at least nominally. | 2330 hifiLg |
c.2323 | AMURRU invaded by Sargon. | 11th year of Sargon: IDB 1-115 |
c.2322 | ARRUKUM, vizir of Ebla from ??, ends. IBRIUM succeeds until 2302. | 2322 wikIbr |
c.2320 | IRKAB-DAMU, king of Ebla from 2340, ends. ISAR-DAMU succeeds until ??. A prince, might have briefly ascended the throne. | 2320 wikLKEb |
c.2320 | ENNA-DAGAN, king of Mari from 2340, ends. IKUN-ISHAR succeeds until 2300. | 2320 wikLKM |
c.2313 | IBRIUM, vizir of Ebla, wars against Armi. | 2313 wikIbr |
c.2302 | IBRIUM, vizir of Ebla from 2322, ends. Son IBBI-SIPISH succeeds until ?. | 2302 wikIbr |
c.2300 | CARCHEMISH has earliest known tombs. | 2300 hifiCr |
c.2300 | TELL BRAK (Nagar) in Syria, occupied by Post-Ninevite 5 culture from 2400, destroyed by Akkadians, occupied by Akkadian culture until 2100. | 2300 wikTBr |
c.2300 | IKUN-ISHAR, king of Mari from 2320, ends. HIDAR succeeds until later 2300. ISHQI-MARI succeeds until ??. | 2300 wikLKM |
c.2300 | 1st kingdom of EBLA from 3000 destroyed during reign of Hidar of Mari. Parts of its royal palace, shown here, remain. | photo: Associazione Decarch 2300 wikEbl, wikMri, wikP1M 2250 wikAm |
c.2300 | EBLA incorporated again into Akkadian Empire. | 2300 wikPhL |
c.2300 | EBLAITE language from 2500 ends. | 2300 ISBE 4-1149 |
c.2300 | EBLA, 2nd kingdom established until 2000. | photo Inge 2300 mxfld, wikEbl |
c.2300 | HURRIANS, in Armenia from 2400, migrate south to the east and north of the Tigris and Euphrates and north Mesopotamia. | 2300 TAWH 54 |
c.2300 | Nasiriyah Victory Stele of Naram Sin comemmorating victories in Anatolia. Left shows a soldier with helmet and long sword carrying a metal vessel of Anatolian type. Right shows naked captives. | Photos by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin left right 2300 wikEbl |
c.2300 | Tell HADIDI on the west bank of the Euphrates opposite Tell es-Sweyhat, occupied from 3300, founded as a city and reaches maximum extent. Lasts until 1200. | 2300 wikTHd |
c.2300 | Sargon of Agada campaigns against Gutian king Sarlak in the Zagros Mountains. | 2300 hifiGt |
c.2300 | NIPPUR comes under Akkad until 2191. | 2300 rcM |
c.2300 | EBLA conquered and burnt by Sargon. | 2250 ISBE 4-338 |
c.2300 | SHURUPPAK, under Nippur from ??, comes under Akkad until 2191. | 2300 rcM |
c.2300 | Pictures of SEED-PLOWS that funnel seed into the plowed furrow appear on Sumerian cylinder seals. | 2300 wikHAg |
c.2300 | [Birth] Legend of Sargon of Akkad composed.
My mother was a changeling. My father I knew not. The brothers of my father loved the hills. My city is Azurpiranu (the wilderness herb fields), which is situated on the banks of the Euphrates. My changeling mother conceived me, in secret she bore me. She set me in a basket of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid. She cast me into the river which rose not over me. The river bore me up and carried me to Akki, the drawer of water. Akki, the drawer of water, took me as his son and reared me. Akki the drawer of water, appointed me as his gardener. While I was gardener Ishtar granted me her love, and for four and (fifty?) ... years I exercised kingship A 'changeling' is a temple priestess of Ishtar, whose clergy are androgynous). Akki is a gardener for Ur-Zababa, king of Kish. In creating this legend, Sargon distances himself from the kings of the past (who claimed divine right), and aligns himself with the common people. But his reign is nevertheless legitimate, because this whole scenario was set up by Ishtar. Sargon means "legitimate king". |
2316 CMoG 3-73 2300 wohiLSA, no date: ANET 119, wikAE |
c.2300 | Exaltation of Inanna , 153-line hymn, written by Enheduanna, priestess of Ur, who also asks for help with vengeance after political exile. "Zuen the moon god gave you heaven and earth.". | 2300 uw |
c.2300 | 2nd dynasty of Lagash from 2365 destroyed by Akkadians. | 2300 wikLg 2110 wikLg |
c.2300 | Lagash / Umma border conflict from 2500 ends. | 2300 wikLg |
c.2300 | In South Mesopotamia, a METEOR leaves a 2-mile wide circular crater. | 2300 CWH, kpol |
c.2300 | SARGON trades for frankincense with Lebanon, for silver in Taurus Mts. | 2300 MCAW |
c.2300 | BABYLON plundered by Sargon. | 2300 ISBE 1-385 |
c.2300 | BABYLON founded [originally Bab-ili "Gate of Gods"] by Sargon, who restores the temple tower and builds temples to Anunitum and Amal. | 2350 ENBD 116, 117 2300 MCAW |
c.2300 | SARGON brings back from campaigns: "specimems from foreign trees": vines, figs, roses. | 2300 MCAW |
Akkadian Empire Jolle |
c. 2290 | 2nd kingdom of MARI at maximum extent. |
photo: Semhur 2290 wikEDP |
c.2280 | URUK, kingless from 2330 is conquered by Elamites. Remains kingless until 2240. Statue of Nana is removed until 635. | 2280 ISBE 2-126 |
c.2279 | SARGON, king of Akkad at Agade from 2334 dies subduing a revolt. Son RIMUSH succeeds 2278 until 2270. | 2316 CWH, Sag1 49, Sag2 46, RAI2 2315 MRDK, Sag1, rcM 2295 ISBE 4-337 2279 B76 16-247, RAI3 154, hifiAk, wikAE, wikEAP, wikLMD, wikSA, wohiNS, wohiSA 2276 MCAW 2230 Sag1 50 2150 ISBE 1-65 |
c.2270 | RIMUSH, king of Akkad at Agade from 2279 disappears in a palace revolution. Bro MANISHTUSHU succeeds 2269 until 2255. | 2307 Sag1 2306 MRDK, WPOT, rcM 2271 wohiNS 2270 RAI3 155, hifiAk, wikAE, wikEAP, wikLMD |
c.2270 | SUMER conquered by Akkad. Sumerian language continues in religious matters. | 2300 IDB 4-457 2270 wikS |
c.2266 | IDIDISH becomes king of Mari until 2206. | 2266 wikLKM |
c.2260 | NARAM SIN defeats the Lullubi of the Zagros hills. | 2260 wikAE |
c.2260 | MARI, little more than a village from 2334, is destroyed again by Ebla. | 2265 wikMri 2260 hifiMr |
c. 2260 | Manishtushu Obrlisk (aka Standard Inscription), a black diorite, 4-sided stele narrowing toward the top, incised in Akkadian cuneiform in horizontal rows on all sides. It legally records the distribution of 4 parcels of land, in large estates, and its allotment to his officers, for his control of Kish. An excerpt says: Man-istusu, king of the world: when he conquered Ansan and Sirihum, had [...] ships cross the Lower Sea. The cities across the Sea, 32 [in number], assembled for battle, but he was victorious. Further, he conquered their cities, struck down their rulers and after he roused them [his troops], plundered as far as the Silver Mines. He quarried the black stone of the mountains across the Lower Sea, loaded [it] on ships, and moored [the ships] at the quay of Agade. |
obelisk: Mbzt detail: Mbzt 2300 WPOT 103, 2270-55 wikAE, wikMO |
c.2255 | MANISHTUSHU, king of Akkad at Agade from 2269 disappears in a palace revolution. Son NARAM-SIN succeeds 2254 until 2218. | 2292 Sag2, WPOT 2291 MRDK, Sag1 50, Sag2 51, rcM 2261 wohiNS, wohiSA 2255 RAI3 155, hifiAk, wikAE, wikEAP, wikLMD, wikNSA 2250 MCAW 2159 ISBE 1-65, WPOT 265 |
CONFUSION ALERT! There is also a Naram-Sin of Ashur.
c.2254 | Uruk leads a revolt against the Akkadian empire, rallying the south Sumerian cities of Ur, Lagash, Umma, Adab, Shuruppak, Isin, and Nippur, placing a well-organized army in the field, which is then defeated. | 2254 hifiLg, hifiUk |
c.2254 | KISH, under Akkad from ??, rebels. independent until 2230. | 2254 hifiKs |
c.2250 | MARI, comes under a dynasty of Shakkanakkus (military governors) until 1900. 1st is IDIDISH until ?. | 2266 wikMri 2250 hifi |
c.2250 | Naram-Sin Victory Stele created in Sippar, of limestone, originally 3m tall. Naram-Sin as a god-king (symbolized by his horned helmet) commemorates his victory over the Lullubi and their king Satuni in the Zagros hills north of Akkad. Naram Sin is the first Mesopotamian king to declare himself a god. He crosses steep slopes into enemy territory; on the left are his ordered forces marching over disordered defenders. The weak and chaotic opposing forces are being thrown from atop the mountainside, impaled by spears, fleeing and begging Naram-Sin for mercy and being trampled underfoot. | photo: Shonagon 2250 wikVSN 2230 wikNSA |
c.2250 | Treaty between Naram-Sin and Elamites. | 2250 bk |
c. 2250 | NARAM-SIN installs his daus in Mari, probably as priestesses. . | 2250MCAW |
c.2240 | URUK, kingless from 2330, 4th dynasty of URUK begins until 2120, independently until 2193. | 2254-23 hifiUk |
c.2240 | NARAM-SIN records defeating a coalition of Sumerian cities and Amorites near Jebel Bishri in north Syria. | 2240 wikAm, |
c. 2230 | BASSETKI STATUE cast from 98.2% pure copper using lost-wax method. A nude man sitting on a 67cm diameter pedestal, everything above the waste is missing. Pedestal contains a cuneiform inscription in Old Akkadian, saying: Naram-Sin, the mighty king of Agade, when the 4 quarters together revolted against him, thru the love which the goddess Astar showed him, he was victorious in 9 battles in 1 year, and the kings whom they [the rebels] had raised, he captured. Because he protected the foundations of his city from danger, the citizens of his city requested from Astar in Eanna, Enlil in Nippur, Dagan in Tuttul, Ninhursag in Kes, Ea in Eridu, Sin in Ur, Samas in Sippar, and Nergal in Kutha, that [Naram-Sin] be the god of their city, and they built within Agade a temple to him. As for the one who removes this inscription, may the gods Samas, Astar, Nergal, the bailiff of the king, namely all those gods tear out his foundations and destroy his progeny. |
left: Muhammed Amin right: State Dept 2350-2100 wikAE, wikBstS |
c.2230 | OLD AKKADIAN Period from 2450 ends. GUTIAN PERIOD begins until 2150. | 2250 CWH, Sag1 53, hifiM, hifiUb, wikS 2230 CWH, Sag1 50, Sag2 28 2228 WPOT 2200 ISBE 2-582 2193 wikS 2191 ENBD 120 2180 FLAP 2080 SOTS 23 |
c.2230 | 2nd Dynasty of Lagash begins until 2110. XX 2365 LUGAL-USHUMGAL becomes 1st ensi until 2210 as vassal of Akkadians. |
2230 RAI3, wikAE, wikLg, wikLMD, wikLus, wikNSA 2200 Sag |
c.2230 | North BABYLONIA overrun by the Guti until 2120. | 2230 ENBD 121 |
c.2230 | KISH, independent from 2254, back under Akkad until 2191. | 2230 hifiKs, rcM |
First Akkadian Empire |
Zunkir |
c.2220 | ERRIDUPIZIR becomes king of the Guti until 2202. | 2220 wikLMD 2141 wikGut |
c.2218 | SARGON DYNASTY of Akkad from 2334 ends. NARAM SIN, king of Akkad at Agade from 2254 dies. He may have passed on his empire to his son SharKaliSharri intact, or he may have passed on little more than Akkad itself. SHARKALISHARI succeeds 2217 until 2193. |
2274 bk 2255 Sag1 50, Sag2 51 2254 MRDK, WPOT, rcM 2224 wohiNS, wohiSA 2219 wikNSA 2218 B76 9-831, 11-973 RAI3, hifiAk, wikAE, wikEAP, wikLMD, wikNSA 2153 wikGut 2123 ISBE 1-65, WPOT 265 |
c.2210 | LUGAL-USHUMGAL, 1st ensi (Akkadian vassal) of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2230 ends. PUZUR-MAMA succeeds until 2205, gets independent from Akkadians. | 2210 wikAE, wikLg, wikLMD, wikLus, wikNSA 2200 RAI3 |
c.2206 | IDIDISH king of Mari from 2266 ends. 13 kings continue until 2000, but Mari is no longer significant. | 2206 wikLKM |
c.2205 | PUZUR-MAMA, 2nd ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2210 ends. UR-NINGIRSU succeeds until 2200. | 2205 wikLg |
c.2202 | ERRIDUPIZIR, king of the Guti from 2220 ends. IMTA succeeds until 2199. | 2202 wikLMD 2138 wikGut |
c.2200 | KURA-ARAXES Culture in Caucasus and Urartu from 3500 ends. They grew grain and orchard crops, and used implements to make flour. They raised cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, and in later phases, horses. TRIALETI-VANADZOR culture begins until 1600 in Armenia, south Georgia, and northeast Anatolia. | 2200 wikHA, wikMkp 2000 wikCC, wikKAC |
c.2200 | NORTHGRIPPIAN AGE from 6200 ends. MEGHALAYAN AGE begins until present. | 2200 wikHlc, wikS |
c.2200 | SHADUF V - a long pole balanced on a pivot with a bucket on one end and a counter-weight on the other - used to lift water, first evidenced, portrayed on a cylinder seal in Mesopotamia. | drawing {{PD-US}} 2200 Copilot |
4.2 kiloyear event begins from 2200 to 2150?. A volcanic eruption causes marked increase in aridity and wind circulation, induces degradation of land-use conditions.
Global distribution of 4.2 kiloyear event. Hatched areas get wet conditions or flooding. Dotted areas get drought or dust storms. |
map: Jianjun Wang 2200 wik4.2, wikAE, wikAE, wikOKE |
c.2200 | AMORITES of east Syria or Arabia, begin migrating various directions, especially east. | 2200 TAWH 54 |
c.2200 | The GUTI of central Zagros Mountains, having infiltrated Mesopotamia from ??, migrate in force into central and south Mesopotamia, destroying the Akkadian empire and subjugating much of Sumer. Guti remain dominant until 2120. | 2250 Sag1 50 2218 wikS post-2200 hifiGt |
c.2200 | UR-NINGIRSU, 3d ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2205 ends. PIRIG-ME (Ugme) succeeds until ?. | 2200 wikLg |
c.2200 | A long Gudea text explains construction of the Eninnu temple for Ningirsu at Lagash. | 2200 ISBE 4-660 |
c.2200 | Kurdish herding DOGS (resembling mastiffs) are portrayed in Mesopotamian art. | 2200 B76 5-930 |
c.2199 | ISHME-DAGAN becomes king of Mari until 2154. | 2199 RAI3 |
CONFUSION ALERT! There are better known Ishme Dagans: ensi of Isin 1953-35, king of Assur 1782-41. |
c.2199 | IMTA, king of the Guti from 2202 ends. INKISHUSH succeeds until 2195. | 2199 wikLMD 2135 wikGut |
c.2195 | INKISHUSH, king of the Guti from 2199 ends. SHARLAGAB succeeds until 2192. | 2195 wikLMD 2129 wikGut |
c.2193 | The GUTI of central Zagros Mts. invade and overwhelm Sumer. | 2193 hifiLg |
c.2193 | AKKADIAN EMPIRE Overthrown by the GUTI. Causes priest-kings of Lagash regain their independence, at least nominally. | 2193 hifiLg |
c.2193 | SHARKALISHARI, king of Akkad at Agade from 2217, killed in palace insurrection, or overthrown by the GUTI. Anarchy follows. IGIGI succeeds 2192 until 21??. Akkadians survive but their power is minimal, their decline helped along by a series of brief, non-dynastic rulers. Little is known of Agade until c.2100. | 2249 bk 2230 Sag1, RAI2, WPOT, rcM 2198 wohiNS 2193 B76 11-973, RAI3 158, hifiAk, wikAE 2129 wikGut 2098 ISBE 1-65 |
c.2193 | URUK, under 4th dynasty from 2240, is struck and defeated by the Guti at the same time as they destroy Agade and carry off kingship. From this point Guti kings are recorded in more detail as Mesopotamia apparently undergos a climate-induced collapse, which also affects Egypt. 4th dynasty continues until . | 2193 hifiUk |
c.2193 | ELAM overthrown by the GUTI. | 2193 hifiGt |
c.2192 | SHARLAGAB, king of the Guti from 2195 ends. SHULME succeeds until 2186. | 2192 wikLMD 2123 wikGut |
c.2191 | GORDYENE, under Akkad from 2800, comes under the Guti until 2130. | 2191 rcM |
c.2191 | ESHNUNNA, under Akkad from 2334, comes under the Guti until 2130. | 2191 rcM |
c.2191 | UMMA, under Akkad from 2347, comes under the Guti until 2130. | 2191 rcM |
c.2191 | NIPPUR, under Akkad from 2300, comes under the Guti until 2130. | 2191 rcM |
c.2191 | SHURUPPAK, under Akkad from 2300, comes under the Guti until 2130. | 2191 rcM |
c.2191 | KISH, under Akkad from 2230, comes under the Guti until 2130. | 2191 rcM |
c.2191 | SEA LAND, under Akkad from 2370, comes under the Guti until 2130. | 2191 rcM |
c.2190 | ELUL DAN, king of Akkad at Agade from ??, ends. DUDU succeeds 2189 until 2169, and restores a semblance of stability. | 2227 MRDK, rcM 2190 hifiAk, wikAE |
c.2186 | SHULME, king of the Guti from 2192 ends. ELULMESH succeeds until 2180. | 2186 wikLMD 2117 wikGut |
c.2180 | ELULMESH, king of the Guti from 2186 ends. INIMABAKESH succeeds until 2175. | 2180 wikLMD 2111 wikGut |
c.2176 | Uruk governor Utu-hegal revolts against the Guti. | 2176 bk 2120 RAI3 161 |
c.2175 | INIMABAKESH, king of the Guti from 2180, ends. IGESHAUSH succeeds until 2169. | 2175 wikLMD 2106 wikGut |
c.2169 | DUDU, king of Akkad at Agade from 2189, ends. Son SHU-DURUL succeeds 2168 until 2154. | 2169 RAI3, hifiAk, wikAE 2205 MRDK, rcM |
c.2169 | IGESHAUSH, king of the Guti from 2175, ends. YARLAGAB succeeds until 2154. | 2169 wikLMD 2100 wikGut |
c.2164 | KAKU, ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash (probably under the Guti) from ??, ends. UR-BABA succeeds until 2144. | 2164 Bottero, wikLg 2157 wikLMD 2155 RAI3 |
c.2154 | SHU-DURUL, king of Akkad at Agade from 2168, ends. AKKADIAN EMPIRE collapses. Began 2334. Agade is destroyed by occupying Guti "Vipers from the Hills". The Guti settle near the ruins of Agade, so the south is able to manage its own affairs. Hurrians exploit the power vacuum in the west. | 2191 MRDK, rcM 2190 MCAW, wohiH 2180 LEWH 30, ISBE 3-539 2154 B76 11-969, RAI3, hifiAk, wikAE, wikS 2150 CMoG 3-116 |
c.2154 | ISHME-DAGAN, king of Mari from 2199, ends until 21. | 2154 RAI3 |
c.2154 | YARLAGAB, king of the Guti from 2169, ends. IBATE succeeds until 2151. | 2154 wikLMD 2095 wikGut |
c.2153 | UR-NIGINA becomes king of 4th dyn of Uruk until 2147. | 2153 RAI3 |
c.2151 | IBATE, king of the Guti from 2154, ends. YARLA succeeds until 2148. | 2151 wikLMD 2092 wikGut |
c.2150 | Λ ZIGGURAT at Lagash rebuilt by Gudea. | 2150 MCAW |
c. 2150 | Λ Gilgamesh Epic , begun in Uruk 2675, Sumerian version 1st written in Sumer. Includes Gil & the Land of the Living; Gil & the Bull of Heaven; The Deluge, Death of Gil; Gil & Agga; Gil, Enkidu, & the Netherworld. Known copies are from the Old Babylonian Period based on originals from Ur-3. | 2500 bk 22-2100 Tigay: Evolution of the Gil Epic 23, 34 2100 wikEG |
c. 2150 | Poem Dream of Gudea , and other religious poems inscribed on cylinders at Lagash. | 2150 MCAW |
c. 2150 | Life size statue of Gudea of Lagash shows a plan of a temple, and a carpenters rule, which enables archaeologists to see that the Sumerian digit = 16.5mm. | 2150 MCAW |
c. 2150 | Amorites (Amurru) furnish MARBLE to Gudea of Lagash | 2000 IDB 1-115 |
c.2150 | MEASUREMENT: Competing systems are unified by Naram Sin under a single official standard, the royal gur-cube. | 2150 wikAM |
c.2148 | YARLA, king of the Guti from 2151, ends. KURUM succeeds until 2147. | 2148 wikLMD 2089 wikGut |
c.2147 | KURUM, king of the Guti from 2148, ends. APILKIN succeeds until 2144. | 2147 wikLMD 2086 wikGut |
c.2147 | UR-NIGINA, king of 4th dyn of Uruk from 2153, ends. UR-GIGIRA succeeds 2146 until 2141. | 2147 RAI3 |
c.2144 | APILKIN, king of the Guti from 2147, ends. LA-ERABUM succeeds until 2142. | 2144 wikLMD 2083 wikGut |
c.2144 | UR-BABA, ensi of Lagash (under the Guti) from 2164, ends. GUDEA succeeds until 2124. | 2150 ENBD 121, MCAW 2144 B76 11-974, Bottero wikLg, wikLMD 2141 RAI3 165 |
c.2142 | LA-ERABUM, king of the Guti from 2144, ends. IRARUM succeeds until 2140. | 2142 wikLMD 2081 wikGut |
c.2141 | UR-GIGIRA, king of 4th dyn of Uruk from 2146, ends. 3 kings follow until 2120. | 2141 RAI3 |
c.2140 | IRARUM, king of the Guti from 2142, ends. IBRANUM succeeds until 2139. | 2140 wikLMD 2079 wikGut |
c.2140 | AMORITES furnish marble to Gudea of Lagash. | 2000 IDB 1-115 |
c.2139 | IBRANUM, king of the Guti from 2140, ends. HABLUM succeeds until 2137. | 2139 wikLMD 2078 wikGut |
c.2138 | City of Kisurra establishes its own kings, possibly a result of weakening Guti influence. ITUR-SZAMASZ is king until 2123 | 2138 hifiGt, hifiKsr |
c.2137 | HABLUM, king of the Guti from 2139, ends. PUZUR-SUEN succeeds until 2130. | 2137 wikLMD 2076 wikGut |
c.2130 | PUZUR-SUEN, king of the Guti from 2137, ends. YARLAGANDA succeeds until 2123. | 2130 wikLMD 2123 rcM 2069 wikGut |
c.2130 | AKKAD, under the Guti from 2154, comes under Amorites until 1900. | 2130 rcM |
c.2130 | KISH, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Amorites until 1900. | 2130 rcM 2004 hifiKs |
c.2130 | GORDYENE, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Amorites until 1750. | 2130 rcM |
c.2130 | UMMA, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Amorites until 1900. | 2130 rcM |
c.2130 | NIPPUR, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Ur until 2004. | 2130 rcM |
c.2130 | SHURUPPAK, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Ur until 2004. | 2130 rcM |
c.2130 | ESHNUNNA, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Ur until 2030. | 2130 rcM |
c.2130 | SEA LAND, under the Guti from 2191, comes under Uruk until 2113. | 2130 rcM |
c.2126 | APIL-KIN becomes king of Mari until 2091. | 2126 RAI3 |
c. 2125 | GUDEA CYLINDERS, 2 terracotta cylinders found in Girsu, One 61cm high, diameter 32cm, other 56cm high, diameter 33cm. A Sumerian myth called the Building of Ningirsu's temple is written in cuneiform on them. Gudea of Lagash rebuilt the temple of Ningirsu in Lagash because of a dream in which he was told to do so. They are the largest cuneiform cylinders yet discovered and contain the longest known text written in Sumerian language. | photo: Ramessos 2125 wikGC |
c.2124 | GUDEA, king of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2144 ends. Son UR-NINGIRSU succeeds until 2119. After Gudea, Lagash loses importance and fades out. | 2124 B76 11-974, wikLg, wikLMD 2122 RAI2, RAI3 165 |
c.2123 | YARLAGANDA, king of the Guti from 2130, ends. SIUM succeeds until 2116. | 2123 wikLMD 2117 rcM 2062 wikGut |
c.2123 | ITUR-SZAMASZ, king of Kisurra from 2138, ends. MANABALTIEL succeeds until 2113 | 2123 hifiKsr |
c.2120 | North BABYLONIA, overrun by Gutians from 2230, now fully under Gutians. | 2120 ENBD 121 |
c.2123 | 4th dynasty of Uruk from 2240, ends. No king until 2120. | 2123 RAI3 |
c.2120 | 4th dynasty of Uruk from 2240, ends. 5th begins until 2113. UTU-HEGAL becomes only king of 5th dyn of Uruk until 2112. | 2230 CWH 2130 rcM 2123 RAI3 2120 Sag1 55, Sag2 54, hifiUk 2119 wikLMD, wikUk, wikUr3 2116 B76 11-974 2055 wikGt |
c.2120 | UTU-HEGAL, king of Uruk, throws out the Guti and claims kingship. GUTIAN PERIOD of Mesopotamia from 2250 ends. Guti are ejected back to the Zagros Mts. |
2150 hifiM, hifiUb 2120 CWH, ISBE 2-582, RAI2 136, Sag2 28, hifiGt, hifiUk 2119 wikS 2100 IDB 4-454 2082 LEWH 2070 FLAP 2050 CMoG 3-116 2047 wohiSA 2040 wikS |
c.2119 | UR-NINGIRSU, ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2124 ends. UR-GAR succeeds 2117 until 2113. | 2120 rcM 2119 wikLg, wikLMD 2118 RAI2, RAI3 |
PIRIG-ME succeeds 2117-15. | RAI3, |
c.2119 | 2nd Dynasty of UR from 2450, ends. UTU-HEGAL of Uruk is in charge until 2112. | 2119 rcM |
c.2116 | SIUM, king of the Guti from 2123, ends. TIRIGAN succeeds until 2109. | 2116 wikLMD 2055 wikGut |
c.2113 | UR-GAR, ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2117 ends. NAMMAHANI succeeds until 2110. He cooperates with the Guti, and is considered a traitor to Sumer. | 2114 RAI2, RAI3 2113 wikLg, wikLMD |
c.2113 | MANABALTIEL, king of Kisurra from 2123, becomes vassal to Ur until 2108. Kisurra is under Ur until 2048 | 2113 hifiKsr, rcM |
c.2113 | SEA LAND, under Uruk from 2130, comes under Ur until 2004. | 2113 rcM |
c.2112 | Lagash controls Umma for a short time but with the ascendancy of Ur's 3rd Dynasty, Umma falls under Ur. | 2112 hifiUm |
c.2112 | kingship passes from Uruk to Ur. | 2112 hifiUk |
c.2112 | UR, without a dynasty from 2119, 3rd Dynasty of UR (Ur-3) begins until 2004. Son-in-law of Utu-hegal, UR NAMMU is 1st king until 2095. |
2169 bk 2125 IDB 1-269 2119 rcM 2113 B76 11-969, CAH 2-85, CWH, ENBD 121, MCAW, MRDK, Sag1 55, Sag2 28, 54, WPOT 2112 B76 11-968, RAI3 162, hifiUr, rcM, wikAE, wikEAP, wikGlg, wikS, wikUr3 2100 IDB 4-454, WPOT 188, wikS 2070 ISBE 1-270 2050 KS 83 2048 wikGut 2047 wikGut, wikS, wohiSA, wohiST, wohiNS 2046 RAI3 60 |
c.2112 | UTU-HEGAL, only king of 5th dyn of Uruk from 2120, overlord of Ur from 2019, overthrown by Ur-Nammu of Ur. Uruk never has another king, and is under Ur until 2004. | 2114 Sag1 55, Sag2 54, rcM 2113 MCAW, RAI3, hifiUk, rcM, wikLMD 2112 wikUr3, wikUH 2110 B76 11-974 2048 wikGut |
c.2110 | SIUM, king of the Guti from 2117, ends. TIRIQAN succeeds until 2109. | 2110 rcM |
c.2110 | NAMMAHANI, ensi of 2nd dyn of Lagash from 2113, killed by Ur-Nammu of Ur. 2nd dynasty of Lagash from 2230 ends. |
2111 RAI2, RAI3 2110 wikLg, wikLMD 2100 Sag1 |
c.2109 | TIRIGAN, king of the Guti from 2116, is defeated by Uruk, and retreats into Zagros mountains. | 2109 rcM 2055 wikGut no date: wikLMD |
c.2108 | Macehead dedicated to Gilgamesh, with transcription of the name Gilgamesh in standard Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform. | photo: Rama 2112-04 wikGlg |
c.2113 | MANABALTIEL, king of Kisurra from 2123, vassal to Ur from 2113, ends. until 2108. SZARRASYURRUM is king of Kisurra under Ur until 2093 | 2113 hifiKsr, rcM |
c.2107 | ARMENIA founded by legendary HAYK, who rules until 2026. | 2107 wikAr, rcCau |
c.2100 | TELL BRAK (Nagar) in Syria, occupied by Akkadian culture from 2300, now occupied by Post-Akkadian culture until 2000. | 2100 wikTBr |
c.2100 | Law code promulgated by Ur-Nammu. | 2160 bk |
c.2100 | ZIGGURAT of Ur, begun by Ur-Nammu 2900. Finished by Shulgi. A temple on top to moon god (Sumerian name: Nanna; Akkadian name: Suen). | 2100 ISBE 4-952 no date: ISBE 4-952 |
c.2100 | ADAB, south of Nippur, under Kish from 2550, comes under Ur until 2000. | 2100 rcM |
2100 | Sumerian LANGUAGE: Old or Classical Sumerian from 2600 ends. Neo-Sumerian begins until 2000. | 2300 B76 I-177, 17-797 2100 wikSL |
c.2100 | Temple of Suen with 80ft tower built at Ur by Ur Nammu. | 2100 MCAW |
Sumerian moon god Nanna = Akkadian moon god Suen. |
c.2100 | CANAL built by Ur-Nammu, dedicated to moon god Suen. | 2100 MCAW |
c.2100 | UR NAMMU, king of Ur, law & order man, says "By the laws of righteous Shamash, forever I establish justice." Sumerian weights & measures standardized. | 2100 MCAW |
c.2100 | The Curse of Agade is written during the 3rd Dynasty of Ur. It says Naram Sin, in claiming to be a god, angered Enlil, who then sends the Guti to destroy the city of Akkad. | no date: wohi, wohiNS |
c. 2100 | AMORITES enter north Mesopotamia, remain until 2000. | 2100 hifiLr, wikS |
c.2098 | RIM-SIN becomes king of Larsa until 20??. | 2098 ISBE 2-127 |
c.2095 | UR NAMMU, 1st king of 3rd Dynasty of UR from 2112, ends. SHULGI succeeds 2094 until 2047. | 2150 bk 2096 Sag1 55, Sag2 54, WPOT 2095 MRDK, RAI3 168, Sag1 56, Sag2 57, hifiUr, wikAE, wikEAP 2094 B76 9-831, WPOT 10, wikUr3 2030 wikGlg, wikGut, wohiSA |
c.2094 | Shu-Sin rules disintegrating Ur empire until 2086. | 2094 bk |
c.2093 | SZARRASYURRUM, king of Kisurra under Ur from 2113, ends. UBAYA succeeds until 2078. | 2093 hifiKsr, rcM |
c.2091 | APIL-KIN, king of Mari from 2126, ends. | 2091 RAI3 |
c.2090 | SHULGI, 2nd king of 3rd Dynasty of UR, extends his father's empire to include all Assyrian city states, re-conquers Susa from Elam, and may have finished the rebuilding work at Nippur. The vassal kings of Kisurra are removed entirely. | no date: hifiUr |
c.2090 | ASSUR comes under 3rd dynasty of Ur until 2025. | guess |
c.2090 | 3rd dynasty of Lagash begins until 2023. 4 kings, all vassals of Ur. | 2090 wikLg |
c.2083 | Eshnunna becomes independent. | 2083 bk |
c.2083 | URGUEDINNA, governor of Eshnunna under Shulgi of Ur from ??, ends. BAMU succeeds until . | 2247 wikEsn |
c.2078 | UBAYA, king of Kisurra under Ur from 2093, ends. ZIKRUM succeeds until 2063. | 2078 hifiKsr, rcM |
c.2075 | LAGASH becomes one of the largest cities in the world until 2030. | 2075 wikLg |
c.2071 | TURAM-DAGAN becomes king of Mari until 2051. | 2071 RAI3 |
c.2068 | SHULGI, 2nd king of 3rd Dynasty of UR, tries to forge an alliance with king of Marhashi, giving his dau, Nialimmidashu, in marriage to the king. | 2068 hifiUr |
c.2065 | ESHNUNNA dynasty begins, has 28 Amorite kings until 1762. | 2065 hifiEs 2050 CWH |
c.2065 | Sumerian King List compiled. 8 pre-Flood kings total 241,200 years. | 2065 IDB 2-768 |
c.2063 | ZIKRUM, king of Kisurra under Ur from 2078, ends. Unknown ruler until 2048. | 2063 hifiKsr, rcM |
c.2061 | Shulgi of Ur appoints UR-LISI, the first Girizal (family name) governor of Umma until 2058. | 2061 hifiUm |
c.2051 | TURAM-DAGAN, king of Mari from 2071, ends. PUZUR-ISHTAR succeeds 2050 until 2025. | 2051 RAI3 |
c.2051 | Shulgi of Ur turns his part of Kurdistan into a Sumerian province. | 2051 RAI3 169 |
by 2050 | ERIDU has declined. Evidence of occupation fades out. | by 2050 bk |
c.2050 | DILMUN is seen as a Sumerian island paradise, where: "The lion does not kill. The wolf snatches not the lamb. Its old women say not, I am an old woman. Its old men say not, I am an old man.". | 2050 CMoG 3-107-8 |
c.2048 | KISURRA, vassal to Ur from 2113, having no known ruler from 2063, annexed by Ur until 2030. | 2048 hifiKsr, rcM |
c.2047 | SHULGI, 2nd king of 3rd Dynasty of UR from 2094, ends. AMAR-SIN succeeds 2046 until 2038. | 2103 bk 2048 CAH 2-279, Sag1 56, Sag2 57, 60 2047 B76 9-831, MRDK, RAI3 168, Sag1 57, WPOT 110, hifiUr, wikEr 2046 wikEAP, wikUr3 1982 wohiSA |
c.2045 | ERIDU, main city of Sumer from 4200, abandoned because water is too salty. Kingship is removed to Bad-tibira (Biblical Tubal); temple is E-mush-kalamma; main god Lulal. | 2045 hifiS |
c.2040 | AMAR-SIN, 5th king of 3rd Dynasty of UR, renovates ancient Sumerian sites, works on the ziggurat at Eridu, though Eridu is abandoned during his reign. Hamazi comes under Ur. Amar-Sin has to campaign against Arwilukpi, the new king of Marhashi. | no date: hifiUr |
c.2038 | UR-LISI, first Girizal governor of Umma from 2061, ends. Bro AKALA succeeds until 2029. | 2038 hifiUm |
c.2038 | AMAR-SIN, 3rd king of 3rd Dynasty of UR from 2046, ends. Bro SHU-SIN succeeds 2037 until 2029. | 2039 Sag1 57, Sag2 60 2038 MRDK, RAI3 175, hifiUr, wikEr 2037 WPOT 110, wikEAP, wikUr3 |
c.2034 | SHU-SIN, king of 3rd Dynasty of UR, builds "Amorite wall" around Ur, as defense against West Semites. | 2034 Sag2 64 |
c.2034 | Ur / Amorite wars begin until 2004. | 2034 hifiLr, wikS |
c.2030 | ESHNUNNA, under Ur from 2130, independent until ??. ILSHU-ILIA is king until ??. | 2030 rcM |
c.2030 | BUR SIN, king of Kisurra from ??, ends. IBBI-SHAMASH succeeds until 2013. | 2030 wikKsr, ' |
c.2030 | KISURRA, annexed by Ur 2048, independent under IBBI-SHAMASH until 2013. | 2030 hifiKsr, rcM |
c.2029 | AKALA, 2nd Girizal governor of Umma from 2038, ends. Bro DADAGA succeeds until 2022. | 2029 hifiUm |
c.2029 | SHU-SIN, 4th king of 3rd Dynasty of UR from 2037, dies. IBBI-SIN succeeds 2028 until 2004. | 2030 Sag1 57, Sag2 60, RAI2 2029 MRDK, RAI3 175, WPOT 110, hifiUr, wikEAP, wikOAP, wikS 2028 wikUr3 |
c.2028 | IBBI-SIN, king of 3rd Dynasty of UR, starts losing control of his neighbors. | 2028 Sag1 57 |
c.2026 | Legendary HAYK, king of Armenia from 2107, ends. ARMENAK succeeds until 1980. | 2026 rcCau |
c.2026 | ESHNUNNA, under Ur from ?, breaks away in 2nd year of Ibbi-Sin. Eshnunna king Shu-ilija maintains good relations with Ishbi-Erra of Isin as does his successor. | 2026 RAI3 176 |
c.2025 | ASSUR, under Ur from 2090, becomes independent under PUZUR-ASHUR-I until . | 2025 wikA, wikEAP, wikOAP |
c.2025 | EARLY ASSYRIAN Period from 2600 ends. OLD ASSYRIAN Period begins until 1364. | 2025 wikA |
c.2025 | LARSA breaks away from Ur's control in 3rd year of Ibbi-Sin, becoming at least semi-independent and forming its own line of kings. In Anatolia, it is likely that a Larsa trading colony is established at Kanesh. | 2025 hifiLr |
c.2025 | SUSA breaks away from Ur's control in 3rd year of Ibbi-Sin. | 2025 RAI3 176 |
c.2025 | PUZUR-ISHTAR, king of Mari from 2051, ends. HILAL-ERRA succeeds until 2016. | 2025 RAI3 |
c.2025 | With the power of Ur-3 crumbling, LARSA, becomes independent, until 1998. Amorite NAPLANUM is 1st king until 2004. | 2025 CWH, MRDK, RAI3 177, frM, hifi, hifiLr, rcM, wikLMD |
c.2023 | AMORITES break thru Ur defenses into Sumer. | 2023 RAI3 176 |
c.2023 | ISHBI-ERRA of Mari, working for Ur, on grain buying mission in Isin and Kazallu, sends a letter to Ur saying grain price has doubled, he could not complete his mission because of Amorite inerference. He asks permission to defend Isis and Nippur. Ibbi-Sin agrees, and offers to buy his grain at double the agreed price. | 2023 RAI3 177 |
c.2023 | ISHBI-ERRA of Mari, is put in charge of Isin and Nippur by Ibbi-Sin. He repairs their defensive walls. | 2023 2021 IDB 2-266 no date: Sag1 58 |
c.2023 | 3rd dynasty of Lagash, vassals of Ur from 2090, ends. Last king Ir-Nanna declares independence from Ur, and drops out of history. LAGASH, comes under either Amorites or Elamites until 1998. |
2023 RAI3, hifi, hifiLG, rcM |
c.2022 | NIPPUR, under Ur from ??, goes independent until 2014. | 2022 Sag1 58 |
c.2022 | DADAGA, 3rd Girizal governor of Umma from 2029, ends. Bro UR-EE succeeds until ??. | 2022 hifiUm |
c.2022 | After Ibbi-Sins 6th year, cities of the empire no longer make offerings to chief deity Nanna (Akkadian Suen) of Ur. | 2022 Sag1 57 |
c.2017 | South Mesopotamia is fading in power as harvests fail and population declines. In Ibbi-Sin 12th year, one of Ibbi-Sin's officials, ISHBI-ERRA moves from Ur to the subject city of Isin and creates his own city state. His dynasty lasts until 1794. | 2073 bk 2018 wikIs 2017 B76 11-975, CWH, RAI3 177, Sag2 66, frM, hifiIs, hifiUr |
c.2017 | ISIN founded by Amorite ISHBI-ERRA, 1st ensi of Isin & Nippur until 1985. ISHBI-ERRA DYNASTY begins until 1794. |
2017 RAI3, Sag1 62, hifiIs, hifiUr, wikLMD 1794 B76 11-975, CAH I-2, CWH, MRDK, RAI2, RAI3, Sag 65, frM, hifiIs |
c.2016 | Ensi of Kazallu appeals to Ibbi-Sin of Ur for help against encroachment of Ishbi-Erra of Isin. Help is refused. | 2016 hifiKz |
c.2016 | HILAL-ERRA, king of Mari from 2025, ends. HANUN-DAGAN succeeds until 2008. | 2016 RAI3 |
c.2016 | Province of Hamazi is occupied and plundered by Isin as Ur empire collapses. | 2016 hifiIs, hifiUr |
c.2014 | NIPPUR, independent from 2022, comes under Ishbe-Erra of Isin. | 2014 Sag1 62 |
c.2013 | IBBI-SHAMASH, final king of Kisurra from 2030, is removed by Ur. Kisurra is back under Ur until ??. | 2013 hifiKsr, hifiUr, rcM, wikKsr, ' |
c.2013 | Kazallu is conquered by Isin. | 2013 hifiIs, hifiUr |
c.2010 | Ishbi-Erra of Isin (in his 9th year) defeats Subartu and installs Nurahum as king of Eshnunna. | 2010 wikEsn |
c.2007 | SUMERIA is invaded by the Amorite king of Mari from the north, and Elamites from the east. | 2007 Sag1 59 |
c.2004 | NAPLANUM, 1st Amorite king of Larsa from 2025, ends. EMISUM succeeds until 1998. | 2005 RAI2, RAI3, Sag1, wikLMD 2004 MRDK, RAI3, frM, hifiLr, rcM |
c.2004 | ELAMITES are at the walls of Ur. | 2004 RAI3 177 |
c.2004 | 3rd Dynasty of Ur from 2112 ends. IBBI-SIN, 5th king of 3rd Dynasty of UR from 2028, is captured by Elamite king, Kindattu, and taken along with the image od Nanna (Suen) to Anshan. UR is sacked, and becomes independent under Elamite rulers until 1998. | 2038 RAI3 60 2006 CAH 2-85, CWH, ENBD 121, MRDK, Sag1 57, Sag2 60, hifi???, hifiS, hifiUr 2004 B76 11-968, RAI3 162, 177, WPOT 110, wikEAP, wikGlg, wikNnv, wikOAP, wikS, wikSms, wikUr3 1940 wikS 1750 wohiNS, wohiST |
c.2004 | With the collapse of Sumerian civilization and fall of Ur, URUK is briefly occupied by invading Elamites before coming under Isin. | 2004 hifiUk |
c.2004 | ELAMITES control much of Sumer until 1998. | 2004 hifiLg |
c.2004 | KISH comes under Amorites until ??. | 2004 hifiKs 1040 wikB |
c.2004 | CARCHEMISH comes under Amorites until ??. | 2004 hifiCr |
c.2004 | NIPPUR, under Ur from 2130, comes under Elam until 1750. | 2002 rcM |
c.2004 | SHURUPPAK, under Ur from 2130, abandoned. | 2002 rcM |
c.2004 | SEA LAND, under Ur from 2113, comes under Elam until 1750. | 2002 rcM |
Mesopotamia 2000-1595
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