41 Jan | CALIGULA dies. CLAUDIUS succeeds until 54. |
41 Jan 25 | Herod Julius AGRIPPA-I, king 37-44, in Rome, is given all Palestine by Claudius. JUDEA and SAMARIA, a Roman province under an imperial prefect from 6 CE, comes under Agrippa-I, whose kingdom is now equal to that of Herod-I. He has authority to appoint & depose high priests. | Wars 2:11:5 41 B76 2-948, 17-950, BBA 220, 456, CDCC 475, Dur 3-543, ENBD 523, GSNT, IDB 2-592, ISBE 1-42, 3-763, Jud 2-415,6, LEWH, MUTC 25, wikJRP |
41 Jan | HEROD-II, full bro of Agrippa-I, made king of Chalcis until 49 by Claudius at request of Agrippa-I. | Wars 2:11:5 41 CAH 10-752, DGRBM 1-77, 2-429, Jud 8-387 |
41 Jan | CAESAREA, Roman capital of Judea province from 6 CE, is under Judea until 66. | implied |
41 | 7th prefect of Judea from 37, P. MARULLUS recalled to Rome. No successor until 44. | Ant 18:6:10 41 BAA, GSNT, jePr, rcHL, wikJRP |
c.41 Oct | Herod Julius AGRIPPA-I, king 37-44, in Italy from Jun 40, sails back to Judea as client king, maintains good relations with both Jews and gentiles. | 41 CAH 10-680, Jud 2-415, WHCC 23 |
c.41 | Herod Julius AGRIPPA-I, king 37-44, at Feast of Tabs, publicly reads Dt. 17:14-20: "You may not set a foreigner over you who is not your bro." He weeps. People say, "Be not dismayed. You are indeed our bro.". He is a grandson of Mariamne d29BC. | Mishna, Sota 7:8 40 BBA 41 BNTH 259 |
41 | SILAS appointed commander of Judean army by Agrippa-I. | 41 Jud 14-1532 |
41 | Herod Julius AGRIPPA-I dedicates the golden fetters which Caligula had given him to the temple. | 41 GHH |
41 | 1st dau of Agrippa-I & Cypros, BERENICE-II, age 13, marries MARCUS, son of Alexander Lysimachus. | 41 Jud 4-601, OCD 165 |
41 | ABILA (Raphana), in former tetrarchy of Lysanias, given to Agrippa-I until 44. | 41 IDB 2-773 |
c.41 | Herod Julius AGRIPPA-I persecutes Ctns 1st time, thus increasing his popularity with Jews. | 41 GHH |
41 | THEOPHILUS ben Annas, high priest from 37, deposed by king Agrippa-I, who appoints SIMON ben Boethus high priest until 42. | Ant 19:6:2 41 BAA 118, 119, BNTH 64, CBCNT 71, Jud 15-1110, rcHL |
41-2 | Tradition says all apostles leave Jerusalem 12 years after crucifixion. | 41-2 WHCC 23 |
c.42 | Some kids at Dor put an image of Claudius in the synagogue. Agrippa-I protests to Petronius, who punishes them. | 42 BNTH 261-2 |
c.42 | Herod Julius AGRIPPA-I, king 37-44, begins to refortify Jerusalem, then stops on order of Vibius Marsus, gov of Syria 42-5. | 42 CAH 10 41-4 Jud 2-416 |
c.42 | Wall begun by Agrippa to enclose Bezetha hill within Jerusalem. Not finished until 66. Bezetha is a suburb north and northwest of the Temple. | 42 ISBE 1-712 |
42 | SIMON ben Boethus, high priest from 41, deposed by king Agrippa-I, who offers to reappoint Jonathan ben Annas, who declines, then appoints his bro MATTHIAS ben Annas high priest until 43. | Ant 19:6:4 42 BAA 118, CBCNT 71, IDB 3-301, ISBE 3-289, rcHL |
c.43 | Herod Julius AGRIPPA-I, king 37-44, holds meeting at Tiberias with other kings: Herod-II of Chalcis, Antiochus-IV of Commagene, Polemo of Pontus, Cotys of Armenia Minor, Sampsiceramus of Emesa. Vibius Marsus breaks it up. | Ant 19:8:1 43 CAH 10-680-1 |
c.43 | In Tiberias Galilee, son of Antiochus-IV king of Commagene, ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES, is betrothed to DRUSILLA, dau of Agrippa-I. | Ant 19:9:1 43 DGRBM 1-194 |
43 | MATTHIAS ben Annas, high priest from 42, deposed by Agrippa-I, who appoints ELIONAI ben Cantheras high priest until 44. | Ant 19:8:1 43 BAA, BNTH 64, CBCNT 71, IDB 3-301, ISBE 3-289, rcHL |
43±1 | PETER, head of church at Jerusalem from 33, arrested, imprisoned, and escapes. "An angel delivers him." Goes somewhere else until 47. Bro of JC, JAMES succeeds until 62. | Ax 12:17 42 BBA 239 41-4 CBCNT 119 44 B76 14-155, BAA, DGRBM 1-78, GHH, MCAW, Schaff 1-65, WHCC 23, gnwd |
44 | Kingdom of Chalcis given to Herod Julius AGRIPPA-I until 49. | 44 GHH |
44 | JAMES ben Zebedee martyred. Beheaded by Agrippa-I, as part of a wider persecution. Every mention of James after this is to the bro of Jesus. | Ax 12:2 42 DDS 308, FBM 44 41-4 CBCNT 119, IDB 2-790 44 B76 V-507, BAA, CBCNT 129, FBM 16, ISBE 1-43, MCAW, Qlb 48, 56, TTPC, WHCC 23, gnwd |
Clement of Alexandria will say c.200, that his accuser repented and was killed with him. |
44 | Church center, Jerusalem from 33, shifts to Antioch until 68. | 44 Qlb 36 |
44 | 2nd Jewish persecution of Christians by Agrippa-I. | 44 GHH, WHCC 23 |
44 | Herod Julius AGRIPPA-I, king 37-44, holds games at Caesarea honoring Claudius. Dresses in a robe with silver thread, dazzles the crowd, hailed as a god by gentiles, doesn't rebuke them. | Ant 19:8:2, Wars 2:11:6, Ax 12:23 44 B76 V-3, BNTH 63, 263, FHBC 303, GSNT , MUTC 26 |
44 | PEREA has boundary dispute with PHILADELPHIA, which leads to bloody clashes, which spread thru the Decapolis. | Ant 19:9:2 44 CAH 10-753, IDB 3-729, Jud 5-1450 |
44 | PEREA is added to province of Judea. | 44 ENBD 764 |
44 | Kingdom of AGRIPPA-I is at maximum extent. | 44 wikHA map: Rh0809 |
44 | MACHAERUS in Perea is occupied by a Roman garrison until 66. | 44 ENBD 764 |
44 | Son of Aristob-3 & Berenice-1, Herod Julius AGRIPPA-I dies, 5 days after the Caesarea games, age 54. Tetrarch 37-41, King from 37, of all Palestine from 41. "Eaten by worms" (Ax 12) Only son, Agrippa-II, age 17, (now in Rome) is too young to be trusted by Romans. 3 daus survive: Bernice, Mariamne, Drusilla. | Ant 19:8:2, Ax 12:23 44 B76 2-948, 17-450, BAA 434, BBA 116, 456, BI+N 210, BNTH 63, 263, CAH 10-745, CBCNT 53, CDCC 475, DGRBM 2-429, ENBD 225, 523, FHBC 303, GHH, HRRP 4.2-615, IDB 1-60, 603, 2-592, ISBE 1-42, 2-696,7, 3-709, 763, Jud 2-415, Jxn 36, LEWH, MCAW, MUTC 26, Tmsn 296, TTPC, gnwd, jeHA1, mtmg, wikHrD, wikJRP |
44 | Gentiles of Caesarea and Samaria rejoice at news that Agrippa-I is dead, carry off his images. | Ant 19:9:1 |
44 | PALESTINE, a client kingdom from 41, split into Samaria and Judea, annexed to Syria under 2 equite procurators until ?. Judea becomes a procuratorial province. | TAn 12:23 44 B76 4-696, CAH 10-681, Dur 3-543, GHH, ISBE 3-763, LEWH, TTPC, rcHL, wikJRP |
c.44 | TIBERIAS, capital of Galilee from 22, under Agrippa-I from 39, comes under direct Roman administration until 55. | 44 Jud 15-1132 |
44 | ABILENE, under Agrippa-I from 37 comes under procurators until 53. | 44 IDB 1-9, ISBE 1-9, Jud 2-76 |
44 | Cuspius FADUS sent from Rome to be 1st procurator of Judea until 46. | Ant 19:9:2 44 BAA, BBA 116, BI+N 211, CAH 10-753, GHH, IDB 3-893, jePr, rcHL, wikJRP |
44 | Cuspius FADUS procurator of Judea 44-6, on orders of Claudius, punishes Caesarea and Samaria, but they appeal to Claudius and get punishment stopped. | Ant 19:9:2 44 GHH, jePr, wikJRP |
44 | Cuspius FADUS procurator of Judea 44-6, on orders of Claudius, confiscates high priest vestments (see 36), and puts them in fortress Antonia. Agrippa-II and Herod of Chalcis resist, ask to send an embassy to Claudius first. Fadus agrees. Jews send embassy to Rome. | Ant 20:1:1 44 JZ 101 |
c.44 | C. Vibius MARSUS governor of Syria 42-5, on orders from Claudius, takes army to Judea to ensure safety of procurator Fadus. | Ant 20:1:1 44 JZ 101 |
Longinus; not Marsus | Ant 20:1:1 |
44 | HEROD-II, king of Chalcis 41-49, is given by Claudius charge of temple administration, control of temple treasury, authority to appoint high priests, custody of priestly vestments. | Ant 20:1:1 44 BBA, BNTH 65, DGRBM 2-429, Jud 8-387 |
44 | ELIONAI ben Cantheras, high priest from 43, deposed by Herod of Chalcis, who appoints JOSEPH ben Kami successor until 47. | Ant 20:1:3 44 BAA, BNTH 65, CBCNT 71, DGRBM 2-429, rcHL |
44/5 | Messages from Claudius to Fadus and Marsus arrive, telling them to stand down on the vestment confiscation order. | Ant 20:1:2 45 Jud 8-387 |
45±1 | Magician THEUDAS leads a crowd to the Jordan, promising that it will part, and they will cross on dry ground. Cuspius Fadus sends cavalry, which routs the crowd. Fadus returns with Theudas' head to Jerusalem. He and other impostors inflame the public to immoral and stupid acts. | Ant 20:5:1 earlier Ax 5:36 pre-6 BAA 147, ENBD 1272 44 IDB 4-629 45±1 Bruce Acts 125, Jud 11-1420, 15-1117, JZ 100 44-6 BAA 147, ISBE 4-838 46 GHH |
46 | Bad harvest causes FAMINE in Judea until 48. Prophesied as a worldwide famine by Agabus: Ax 11:28 | Ax 11:27 44 BAA 241, ISBE 2-282, RPar 257 45 GHH 46 B76 2-948, 13-1091, BAA, BBA 230, 424, ENBD 226, 945, IDB 1-52, 147, 605, ISBE 1-43 47 blbPl |
46 | Prophets including AGABUS go from Jerusalem to Antioch, declare worldwide famine. | Ax 11:27 44 gnwd |
46 | HELENA, queen mother of Adiabene, Jewish proselyte, visits Jerusalem during famine, buys them food from Cyprus and Egypt. | Ant 20:2:5 post-44 IDB 2-865 45 Jud 8-288 46 Jud 2-267 |
46 | HEROD-II king of Chalcis 41-49, marries 2nd wife, niece BERENICE-II, dau of Agrippa-I & Cypros. | 46 OCD 165 |
46 | Cuspius FADUS 1st procurator of Judea from 44, ends. Ti. Julius ALEXANDER transfers from Egypt to succeed until 48. He is an apostate Jew son of Alex the alabarch of Alexandria. | Ant 20:5:2 45 ISBE 1-42, JZ 102 46 B76 2-948, BAA, BBA 116, BI+N 211, BNTH 268, 338, CAH 10-751, 753, DGRBM 1-126, ENBD 225, GSNT, IDB 3-893, Jud 15-1135, jePr, wikJRP, wikTJA 47 rcHL |
46 | Famine gives rise to extensive plunder. | 46 GHH |
47 | PETER, away from Jerusalem from 43, returns. | Ax 11:2 |
47±1 | PAUL, Barny, Mark & Titus, come from Antioch thru Phoenicia to Samaria to Jerusalem (famine relief visit). | Ax 15:1-29, Gal 2 44 clwa 45 civPl 46 BAA 46/7 CBCNT 119 GSNT 316, WHCC 23 47 BNTH 350, CBCNT 129, GSNT 316, blbPl 48 ENBD 226 49 CBCNT 130, blbPl 51 JZ 163 no date: BBA 287 |
47±1 | APOSTOLIC COUNCIL at JERUSALEM: Paul & Barny attend. Peter persuades elders that God told him to preach to the gentiles, but that gentiles don't have to get circumcised or obey Law of Moses. Rules are made for mixed eating. Judas Barsabbas & Silas are chosen to go with Paul & Barny back to Antioch. | Ax 15:7-29, Gal 2:1-10 46 BBA 46/7 WHCC 47 JZ 52, 103 48 ENBD 226, 263, gnwd 48/9 FHBC 320 49 BAA, CBCNT 127, 130, GSNT 477, ISBE 1-43, WHCC 26 49-50 B76 14-155, ISBE 3-709, clwa, wikDd 50 B76 V-547, civPl |
47±1 | Sons of Judas the Galilean, JACOB and SIMON, crucified by Tiberius Alexander, procurator of Judea. 3rd son MENAHEM escapes. | TAn 20:102-3 46 BNTH 98, ENBD 1354, MUTC 41 47 JZ 52, 103 46-8 ISBE 4-1177 |
47 | JOSEPH ben Kami, high priest from 44, deposed by Herod-II of Chalcis, who appoints Sadducee ANANIAS ben Nedebeus successor until 59. | Ant 20:5:2 47 BAA 409, BBA 425, BI+N 215, BNTH 65, CBCNT 71, ISBE 1-121, Jud 2-923 48 IDB 1-124 |
48±1 | PAUL, Barny, Mark, Judas, & Silas return from Jerusalem to Antioch. | Ax 15:22 47/8 CBCNT 129 48 gnwd 49 CBCNT 130, blbPl 50 Dur 3-583 |
48 | FAMINE in Judea (Ax 11:28) from 46 ends. | 47 IDB 1-52 48 BAA 241, BBA 230, ENBD 226, ISBE 2-282 |
48±1 | PETER visits Antioch | Gal 2:11-16 47 gnwd 48/9 CBCNT 127 49 CBCNT 130, clwa |
48 | An imperial slave named Stephen is mugged and robbed near Beth Horon. Villagers are massacred for it. | Wars 2:12:2 48 GHH no date: CAH 10-853 |
48 | Ti. Julius ALEXANDER 2nd procurator of Judea from 46, ends. Ventidius CUMANUS succeeds until 52. | Ant 20:5:2 47 GHH 48 B76 2-948, BAA 416, BI+N 213, CAH 10-753, ENBD 225, IDB 3-893, ISBE 1-42, Jud 2-587, 15-1135, jePr, rcHL, wikJRP, wikTJA |
49 | Son of Aristobulus-4, HEROD-II dies. King of Chalcis from 41. Bro AGRIPPA-II succeeds until 53, but not appointed by Claudius until 50, when Claudius gives Agrippa-II the right to appoint high priests until 66. | 48 BAA 434, BBA 457, BNTH 65, DGRBM 1-78, 2-429, ENBD 523, GHH, IDB 1-61, ISBE 2-697, 3-718, Jud 2-417, 4-601, 8-387, wikHrD 48/9 wikHC 49 CAH 10-745, IDB 2-865, Jud 5-600 50 B76 V-3, BAA 434, BBA 456, ISBE 2-940, Jud 2-418 |
c.49 | Eldest dau of Agrippa-I & Cypros, Julia BERENICE-II, age 20, wid of Herod-II of Chalcis, goes to live with bro Agrippa-II in Caesarea Philippi, causes scandal, alienates Jews. | 48 BAA 434, BBA 457, DGRBM 1-483, Jud 4-601, OCD 165, wikBHA 52 B76 V-3, |
49 | SOAEMUS, king of Iturea from ?, dies | 49 DGRBM 3-846 |
49 | ITUREA annexed by Claudius to province of Syria. | 49 B76 4-696, DGRBM 3-846 |
49 | Predatory war between Jews and Samaritans. | 49 GHH |
50 | AGRIPPA-II, king of Chalcis 49-53, appointed king by Claudius. | 48 IDB 1-61 48/9 wikHC 49 GHH, Jud 5-600 50 B76 V-3, BAA 434, BBA 456, ISBE 2-697, Jud 2-418, 8-387, LEWH |
50 | GAMALIEL ben Simon dies. Pharisee, restored Nasi from ?, 1st to be styled Rabban. Son SIMEON succeeds as Nasi until 70. | 50 Jud 15-801, prgE 68 rcHL no date: Jud 7-295 |
50 | Legend says apostle THOMAS goes east to Gandhara. | 50 MCAW |
c.50 | Hypothetical Q DOCUMENT contains material unknown to Mark, but used by Matthew and Luke. | 50 CBCNT 89 |
50 ±20 | Life of Adam and Eve written in Hebrew or Aramaic by a Jew. Greek version = Apocalypse of Moses . Narrates from "fall" to death of A & E. Satan says he rebelled when God commanded him to bow down to Adam. Adam has a vision of Jewish history to post-exilic times. After Adam dies, he and all his descendants are promised resurrection. Has no concept of original sin, but shows influence of Ebionite Christianity. | 20-70 ENBD 1060 pre-70 IDB 1-45 1-100 B76 2-936, CBCNT 58, wikLAE |
50 ±20 | 2nd Book of Enoch aka Secrets of Enoch written by A jew, and later revised by a Christian. a paraphrase and expansion of the Ethiopic text. Survives only in old church Slavonic. Enoch goes thru 10 heavens of a geocentric cosmos. | 1-100 B76 2-936, no date: wik2E |
50 ±50 | Testament of Abraham written. Michael is sent to take Abe's soul. Abe refuses to die until he sees all creation. They show him evil men. He curses them. He sees Abel judging souls. Abe keeps refusing to die until he is tricked. | 1-100 IDB 1-21 |
50 ±20 | Psalms of Solomon written in Hebrew by a Hasid with pharisaic sympathies in Jerusalem. No pretense that the 18 psalms were actually written by Solomon. Shows knowledge of Pompey's conquest and death. Psalm 17 denounces the Hasmoneans as illegal, and describes the Messiah as a kingly savior from the line of David. Only translations survive. | 50±20 B76 2-936 pre-70 IDB 3-959 |
50 ±50 | Martyrdom of Isaiah written in Hebrew or Aramaic. Part 1 of Ascension of Isaiah. Isaiah is sawn in 2. | 1-100 IDB 2-744, AΨΨ 158 |
50±9 | JAMES, bro of JC, probably in Jerusalem, writes Epistle of James to counter abuse of Pauline doctrine of salvation by faith alone. | 45 CBCNT 127 45-50 Sco 1327 50±9 CBCNT 16, GSNY 530 no date: NIV 1879 |
Epistle is pseudepigraphical. | B76 2-969 125-50 IDB 2-795 |
50 Apr? | A Roman soldier standing on a cloister by the temple, drops his pants and moons the crowd. Jews clamor to Ventidius Cumanus for action. Younger Jews stone soldiers. | Wars 2:12:1 48 GHH no date: CAH 10-853 |
50 | Ventidius CUMANUS, procurator of Judea 48-52, sends troops to arrest inhabitants of Beth Horon and vicinity, and sack villages. A soldier burns a Torah scroll. | Wars 2:12:2 no date: CAH 10-853 |
50 | Enraged Jews rush to Caesarea, demand that Ventidius Cumanus execute the soldier who burned the Torah scroll. Cumanus has the soldier dragged thru a crowd of Jews and executed. | Wars 2:12:2 |
50 Sep? | Galilean Jews going thru Samaria enroute to Jerusalem for the Feast of Tabs are murdered by Samaritans at Geman village. Galileans appeal to Cumanus for vengeance. Cumanus, bribed by Samaritans, does nothing. Galileans appeal to Judeans. Judean magistrates just promise more appeals. Galileans appeal to bandit leader and Zealot Eleazar ben Dinai. | Ant 20:6:1, Wars 2:12:2-4 50 CAH 10-853, Jud 5-1169, JZ 106 51 BNTH 342 52 ENBD 1132 |
50 | Zealots ELEAZAR ben Dinai and ALEXANDER the Zealot lead Galileans to murder Samaritans, and burn villages. | Ant 20:6:1 Wars 2:12:4 50 CAH 10-853, CBCNT 53, Jud 5-1169, JZ 106 51 BNTH 342 no date: Jud 2-587 |
50/1 | Ventidius CUMANUS, procurator of Judea 48-52, makes no attempt to convict criminals on either side, sends troops with Samaritan auxiliaries to kill Galileans and Judeans indiscriminately. Bandits overrun Judea. More Jews become Zealots. | Wars 2:12:2 50 CAH 10-853, GHH, JZ 106 51 BNTH 342 |
c.51 | Ummidius QUADRATUS, governor of Syria 50-60, takes army to Tyre, puts Antonius Felix procurator of Samaria in charge of investigation. | TAn 12:54 51 CAH 10-853 |
51 | SAMARITANS visit Tyre, complain to Ummidius Quadratus about Jewish attrocities. | Wars 2:12:5 51 Jud 5-1169 |
51 | JONATHAN ben Annas, former hp 36-7, leads a Jewish delegation to Tyre, complains to Ummidius Quadratus citing Cumanus as chief culprit. | Wars 2:12:5 no date: Jud 10-185 |
c.51 | Ummidius QUADRATUS, governor of Syria 50-60, now at Tyre, doesn't want to infringe on jurisdiction of Cumanus, orders Cumanus, Jews, & Samaritans to go to Claudius at Rome. Jews include Ananias ben Nedebeus hp 47-59, Ananus commander of the temple, Jonathan ben Annas hp 36-7, Agrippa-II king of Chalcis. | Wars 2:12:6 51 GHH, Jud 2-923, 5-1169, JZ 107, 10-185 52 BAA 409, IDB 1-124, ISBE 1-121 |
c.51 | Ummidius QUADRATUS, governor of Syria 50-60, goes from Tyre to Caesarea, cricifies the Jew and Samaritan prisoners there. Then goes to Lydda, beheads the Jews involved in the raiding. | Wars 2:12:6 |
c.51 | Antonius FELIX appointed by Ummidius Quadratus to investigate the Jew vs. Samaritan controversy. | tAn 12:54 51 CAH 10-853 |
c.52 Apr | Ummidius QUADRATUS, governor of Syria 50-60, goes from Lydda to Jerusalem, finds Jews peacefully celebrating Passover, returns to Antioch. | 52 BNTH 342, Jud 13-1420 |
c.52 | Samaritan(possibly) THALLUS writes in Koine Greek a 3 volume history of of the Mediterranean world from before the Trojan War. All is lost except for references by later authors. According to Christian scholar Africanus, Thallus refers to a darkness at the time of the crucifixion of Jesus, and explained it as a solar eclipse. | 50 wikTl 52 BNTH 165 |
52 | Extremist PHARISEES, discontented with Roman justice, become bolder, foment economic aggitation, begin systematically robbing large estate owners. | 52 CAH 10-853 |
c.52 | High Priest ANANIAS ben Nedebeus (now at Rome) and some of his predecessors are held responsible by Ventidius Cumanus for the attack on Samaritans by a Jewish crowd. | 52 BAA 409, CAH 10-760 |
c.52 | Antonius FELIX, imperial investigator in the Jew vs. Samaritan controversy, determines that Ventidius Cumanus is main culprit, goes to Rome. | TAn 12:54 |
c.52 | ANANIAS ben Nedebeus, high priest 47-59 at Rome from 51, returns to Judea. | 52 ISBE 1-121, Jud 2-923 |
52 | Ventidius CUMANUS 3rd procurator of Judea from 48, deposed for corruption by Claudius and banished. bro of Pallas, Antonius FELIX succeeds until 60. | Ant 20:7:1, Ax 23:24 51 DGRBM 2-143 52 BAA 416, BBA 437, BNTH 300, CAH 10-752-3, ENBD 421, GHH, GSNT , HRRP 4.2-621, IDB 2-264, 593, 3-893, ISBE 2-298, 923, Jud 2-587, 4-601, 6-1218, JZ 107, MUTC 30, Tmsn 292, jePr, rcHL, wikJRP 53 mtmg |
Tacitus says neither Cumanus nor Felix maintained public order, but both encouraged the mutual inroads of the inhabitants, and themselves shared in the spoil. |
52 | PAUL, on 2nd missionary journey 49-52, sails from Ephesus to Caesarea, then returns to Jerusalem. (hasty visit?) | map: Richard Aschmann Ax 18:21 51 FHBC 321, clwa 52 BAA, BBA, BNTH 318, CBCNT 130, ISBE 3-702, 709, gnwd 53 Schaff 1-303, blbPl, civPl |
52 | PAUL, on 2nd missionary journey from 49, quickly returns from Jerusalem to Antioch. | Ax 18:21 51 FHBC 321, clwa 52 BBA, CBCNT 125, 130, gnwd 53 blbPl 54 Schaff 1-71 |
53 | AGRIPPA-II, king of Chalcis from 49 appointed from 50, gives up Chalcis in exchange for tetrarchy of Batanaea, Trachonitis, Gaulanitis, Argob (in Gaulanitis), and Abilene until his death 100, & Acra until 93. CHALCIS an unknown state until 57. | Ant 19:5:1, 20:7:1, Wars 2:11:5 53 B76 V-3, BAA 434, BBA 456, BI+N 210, BNTH 341, CAH 10-745, 752, IDB 1-9, 2-592, 3-193, 4-677, ISBE 1-9, 2-697, 4-883, wikHrD 54 Jud 2-417 |
53 | ABILENE, annexed to Syria from 44, given by Claudius to Agrippa-II. | Ant 19:5:1, 20:7:1, Wars 2:11:5 53 BNTH 341, DGRG 1-4, IDB 1-9, 3-193, Jud 2-76 |
53 | 3rd dau of Agrippa-I, DRUSILLA marries AZIZUS king of Emesa until 53/4. He gets circuncised to show he's serious. | 52 IDB 2-593 53 IDB 1-873 |
53 | Galilee and Trachonitis added to the kingdom of Agrippa II. | 53 GHH 54 Tmsn 296 |
53 | The Sicarii are in the service of Antonius Felix. | 53 GHH |
53 | Dreadful state of the country; robbers and impostors abound; want, etc. prevail. | 53 GHH |
53/4 | Antonius FELIX, procurator of Judea 52-9, aided by Cypriot magician Atomos, persuades DRUSILLA, wife of Azizus king of Emesa, to leave Azizus, and become his 3rd wife. | 53/4 CAH 10-853, IDB 2-593 54 BAA 427. BI+N 214 no date: ISBE 1-995 |
53/4 | Eldest dau of Agrippa-I & Cypros, BERENICE-II, wid of Herod-2 of Chalcis from 48, marries 3rd husband POLEMO king of Olba Cilicia. | Ant 20:7:3 53/4 ODC 163 65 Jud 4-601 |
54 | DAMASCUS, under Nabateans from 37, reclaimed by Rome until 383, but not annexed until 62 | 54 B76 5-447, IDB 3-492 |
Has no coins bearing emperors image 34-62 | BAA 197, BNTH 242 |
54 | Antonius FELIX, procurator of Judea 52-9, takes effective action against "bandit" Eleazar. He and his lieutenants are sent to Rome. Most others caught and crucified. | 54 BNTH 99 |
54 | JONATHAN ben Annas dies. Former high priest 36-7, walks in a crowd toward the temple, stabbed to death by assassin hired by Antonius Felix. 1st of the sicarii murders. | 54 58 rcHL no date: Jud 10-185 |
54 | SICARII begin. Extremist Jews outside of Jerusalem strap on daggers (SICA = curved dagger), ambush and murder any pro-Roman. Remain outside of Jerusalem until 63. | Wars 2:13:3 54 CAH 10-854 |
54 | JUDEA: increased messianic hope and refusal to pay Roman tribute. | 54 CAH 10-854 |
54 Oct 13 | CLAUDIUS dies. NERO succeeds until 68. |
55 May 25 | Pentecost is May 25. | 55 May 25 BBA 381 |
55 | AGRIPPA-II, tetrarch 53-93 is given Galilean towns: Tiberias, Tarichaea, Bethsaida-Julias, and 14 villages by Nero TIBERIAS, under direct Roman administration from 44, remains under Jews until 100. | 54 ISBE 2-697 55 DGRBM 1-78 59 IDB 4-640 |
c.56 | JOSEPHUS joins pharisees. | 56 BBA |
c.56 | An Egyptian Jew gathers 30,000 around him at Mount of Olives by promising to cause the walls of Jerusalem to fall. Felix sends Roman troops, who kill 400, capture 200, and disperse the rest. The Egyptian escapes and leads 4,000 Zealots into the desert in an insurrectionist movement. | Wars 2:13:5, Ax 21:38 54 BAA 398 55 ENBD 421 56 CAH 10-854 60 CAH 10-854, BI+N 214 |
56 | JULIAS (Beth Haram) and vicinity in Perea given by Nero to Agrippa-II. | Ant 18:2:1, 20:8:4, Wars 2:9:1, 2:13:2 54 Tmsn 296, 56 ENBD 523, Jud 4-736 |
Called Livias by Josephus, who thinks it was named for Augustus' wife, rather than his dau, which may be why he called Livia Julia. |
57 | Feast of Unleavened Bread is April 7-14. | 57 BBA 383 |
57 May 29 | Pentecost is May 29. | Ax 20:16 57 May 29 BBA 387 57 ENBD 964 |
c.57 | CHALCIS Syria, in unknown state from 53, ARISTOBULUS becomes tetrarch of Chalcis until 92. | 57 wikHrD, wikKC |
c.57 | PAUL, on 3rd missionary journey from 52, with at least Luke, Trophimus & Aristarchus, sails from Patara Lycia to Tyre, stays 7 days. He is told by the Holy Spirit thru disciples that he should not go to Jerusalem. He decides to disobey the Holy Spirit, and go anyway. They sail to Ptolemais, stay 1 day, go to Caesarea, stay at Philip's house several days. 3rd Journey ends. Prophet Agabus tells Paul, again by the Holy Spirit, that if he goes to Jerusalem, he will be bound. | Ax 21:4-15 55 FHBC 397, GHH 57 BAA, BBA, CBCNT 119, 131, Dur 3-552, ISBE 1-39, 43, 3-709, blbPl, dnt 58 B76 11-177, TTPC, mtmg 59 ENBD 227, civPl |
c.57 | PAUL, with at least Luke, Trophimus & Aristarchus, goes from Caesarea to Jerusalem. | Ax 21:15 55 FHBC 397 56 CBCNT 125, blbPl 57 BAA 22, BBA 45, CBCNT 131, GSNT 319, IDB 1-607, ISBE 3-709, blbPl, gnwd 58 clwa |
c.57 | PAUL at Jerusalem sees James & others, who tell him there are thousands of Jew Ctns there, who still insist that Ctn men must be circumcised and obey Mosaic Law, therefore he should play the Jew, and do Jewish looking stuff. Paul decides not to argue theology with them, and complies. | Ax 21: 12:23, 18-26 57 CBCNT 131, GSNT 319 58 clwa |
c.57 | Jews from Asia see Paul at the Jerusalem temple, rouse the local Jews against him, pull him out of the temple and beat him. He is saved by Romans and arrested. | Ax 21:27-32 56 CBCNT 119, 126 56-7 CBCNT 119 57 BAA, BNTH 65, 218, CBCNT 131, blbPl, dnt, gnwd 58 MCAW, clwa 59 GHH |
c.57 | Captain Lysias takes Paul to Roman hqs at the citadel for interrogation, mistakes him for an Egyptian magician (56), then for some reason, allows him to address the mob. Paul gives his personal testimony, which enrages them. Lysias threatens him with scourging. Paul claims Roman citizenship. Lysias backs down. | Ax 21:33- 22:21 56 CBCNT 126 56-7 CBCNT 119 57 BNTH 65, 218, gnwd 58 MCAW 59 GHH |
c.57 | Next day Captain Lysias summons Jewish elders to examine Paul, who sees that they are half pharisees and half sadducees, so he exploits their theological disagreements, which causes another row. Lysias takes him back to Roman hqs. | Ax 23: 1-10 |
c.57 | PAUL is sent by Lysias to procurator Felix at Caesarea. | Ax 23:32-33 57 BAA, ISBE 1-43, 3-709, blbPl, gnwd 58 Dur 3-552, clwa |
c.57 | PAUL put under house arrest by Felix at Caesarea. | Ax 24:23 56 B76 2-948 57 BNTH 394, WHCC 27, dnt, gnwd 58 Dur 3-552, ISBE 2-298, 3-838, MCAW, TTPC, mtmg 59 ENBD 227, GHH |
c.57 | PAUL, arrested at Caesarea, is accused by Jews of preaching against the Law of Moses. Felix hears his case, and keeps him under house arrest at Caesarea until 60. | Ax 24:24-6 57 CBCNT 127, 131, gnwd 58 MCAW, TTPC 59 GHH |
c.58/9 | CAESAREA: Civil strife breaks out between Jews and gentiles. Procurator Felix sends troops and stops it with unnecessary killing of Jews. | 59 BBA 60 OCD 191 |
c.59 | ANANIAS ben Nedebeus, high priest from 47, deposed by Agrippa-II, but continues to be influential because of wealth and Roman connections until death 66. Agrippa-II appoints ISHMAEL ben Phabi (2nd time) successor until 61. | Ant 20:8:8 58 BAA, BI+N 215, BNTH 58, 65, CBCNT 71, IDB 1-124, rcHL 58/9 BAA 409 59 BBA , ISBE 1-121, Jud 2-923, 9-86, JZ 126 |
NOT same Ishmael ben Phabi who was hp in 15. | Jud 9-86 |
60 | IZATES, king of Adiabene from 36, ends. | 60 Jud 2-267, 9-1158 |
60 | M. Antonius FELIX, 4th procurator of Judea from 52, recalled, returns to Rome. Porcius FESTUS succeeds until 62. | Ant 20:8:9, Ax 24:27 56 FHBC 399 58 IDB 3-893 59 BAA, BBA 449, BI+N 215, BNTH 340, 346, 357, ENBD 421, GSNT, IDB 1-605, ISBE 1-43, 3-709, MUTC 30 59/60 Tmsn 292 60 CAH 10-584, 754, GHH, HRRP 4.2-621, IDB 2-264,5, 593, ISBE 2-298, 923, Jud 6-1218, 1247, OCD 434-5, TTPC, jePr, mtmg, rcHL, wikJRP 62 DGRBM 2-143, 149 |
60 | 3 days after arrival, Porcius FESTUS goes from Caesarea to Jerusalem, meets high priest Ishmael and sanhedrin, who ask that Paul be brought to Jerusalem for trial. | Ax 25:1 59 BBA |
60 | Paul appears before FESTUS, who asks if he wants a trial in Jerusalem. Paul appeals to Caesar. (The emperor has authority to judge on appeal since 30 BC.) Festus agrees, but doesn't send him yet. | Ax 25:1-12 58/9 CBCNT 127 59 BBA, gnwd |
60 | Herod AGRIPPA-II and sis Berenice-II come to Caesarea. | Ax 25:13 59 CBCNT 127, ISBE 2-697, blbPl 60 DGRBM 1-78, Jud 4-601, MCAW |
c.60 | FESTUS, procurator of Judea, holds a new trial for Paul with Agrippa-II and Berenice present. Paul delivers his whole testimony. Agrippa says Paul might have been freed if he hadn't appealed to Caesar. | Ax 26:1-32 58 B76 2-948 58-9 CBCNT 119, 127 59 CBCNT 131, IDB 1-607, blbPl, gnwd 60 GHH, LEWH, MCAW, TTPC 62 DGRBM 2-149 |
c.60 | PAUL, imprisoned at Caesarea from 58/9, put in custody of centurion Julius for shipment to Rome, sails from Caesarea to Sidon. | Ax 27:1-3 58 B76 2-948 59 BAA, BNTH 344, CBCNT 132, ISBE 1-43, 3-709, WHCC 27 60 Dur 3-552, ISBE 2-298, 3-838, civPl, clwa, mtmg |
c.60 | PAUL, Luke, Aristarchus, and centurion Julius, sail from Sidon to Myra Lycia. | Ax 27:5 59 BBA, CBCNT 132, blbPl, gnwd 60 Jud 4-601, mtmg 61 ENBD 227 |
c.60 | IDUMEA, under Rome from 6 CE comes under Judea until 68. | 60 rcHL |
c.60 | Testament of Job written in Greek by a Jew with mystical inclinations. Job (Jobab king of Edom) knows by revelation that he will be punished for destroying an idol, but it will end well. | pre-70 B76 2-935 |
c.60 | Gospel of Matthew written by someone familiar with Mark , probably in Antioch, possibly Palestine. Scripture consists of the Law & the Prophets. Attributed to Matthew in the 2nd cent. | 50 Sco 991 55-80 NIV 1439 60±3 GSNT 530 60-70 CBCNT 17 65-100 ODCC 891 post-70 B76 VI-697, BNTD 12 80-85 ISBE 2-536, JZ 223 80-89 ISBE 3-287 80-95 WHCC 31, no date: Jud 4-821 |
c.60 | Gospel of Luke written possibly in Caesarea or probably Rome. | 60-70 BNTD 12 59-63 or 70-90 NIV 1532 60 CBCNT 16, Sco 1075 62 GSNT 530 63-70 B76 VI-384 70-80 IDB 3-186 80 IDB 3-185 80-95 WHCC 31 pre-85 ISBE 2-536 70-100 ODCC 844 70-115 IDB 3-312 no date: Jud 4-821 |
61 | AGRIPPA-II, tetrarch 53-93, receives from Nero a strip of Galilee including Tiberias and 2 towns in Perea. | 61 CAH 10-752, Jud 2-417 |
61 | TIBERIAS, under direct Roman administration from 44, given to Agrippa-II until his death. | 61 Jud 15-1132 |
61 | CAESAREA PHILIPPI renamed NERONIAS by Agrippa-II. Name lasts until 68. | 50 ISBE 1-569 61 Jud 4-162 |
c.61 | AGRIPPA-II, tetrarch 53-93, adds an upper story to the Hasmonean palace in Jerusalem in order to overlook the temple court. | 61 no date: Jud 6-1247 |
c.61 | ISHMAEL ben Phabi, high priest 59-61, builds a wall on the side of the temple grounds to prevent Agrippa-II from peeking into temple grounds from his palace. | 61 CAH 10-855 |
c.61 | AGRIPPA-II, tetrarch 53-93, protests high priest Ishmael's wall to procurator Festus. | 61 CAH 10-855, no date: Jud 6-1247 |
61 | Porcius FESTUS , procurator of Judea 60-62, orders high priest Ishmael's wall demolished, but allows Ishmael to send a delegation to Rome to appeal. Ishmael goes in person to Rome. | 61 CAH 10-855, no date: Jud 6-1247 |
c.61 | ISHMAEL ben Phabi-II, high priest from 59, now in Rome, deposed by Agrippa-II, who appoints JOSEPH KABI until 62. | Ant 20:8:11 60 BAA, BNTH 58, CBCNT 71 61 CAH 10-855, Jud 2-919 |
62 | DAMASCUS, under Rome 54-383, annexed. Roman coins, absent from 34, reappear. | 62 BBA 192, OCD 311 |
62 | JOSHUA ben Hananiah, tana, on Feast of Tabs, goes thru streets saying, "A voice from the east; a voice from the west; a voice from the 4 winds; a voice against Jerusalem and the holy house; a voice against the bridegrooms and the brides; a voice against the whole people." | Wars 6:5:3 62 BI+N 216, NTA 2-603 |
62 | JOSHUA ben Hananiah is taken by prominent Jews and whipped. He keeps saying the same things. He is taken to procurator Albinus. He keeps saying, "Woe to Jerusalem." He is believed insane, and released, only to continue the same antics until death 70. | Wars 6:5:3 62 BBA 64 |
c.62 | JOSEPH KABI, high priest from 61, deposed by Agrippa-II. Sadducee ANNAS ben Annas succeeds 3 months. | Ant 20:9:1 61 BAA 118 62 BNTH 64, CAH 10-755, CBCNT 71, Jud 2-919 |
62 | Porcius FESTUS dies., 5th procurator of Judea from 60. ALBINUS LUCCEIUS succeeds until 64, but is still in Alexandria. | Ant 20:9:1 61 BAA 296, GSNT 62 BBA 449, BI+N 215, BNTH 66, 340, 347, CAH 10-754, IDB 2-264, 3-893, ISBE 2-300, Jud 2-534, 6-1247, OCD 435, Tmsn 292, TTPC, JZ 115, jePr, rcHL, wikJRP 63 DGRBM 1-93 |
62 | PAUL returns (maybe) from Rome to Jerusalem, and from there travels thru Anatolia, to Macedonia. | 62 BNTD 13, BNTH 362, NIV 1832, 1836 63 GHH |
c.62 | ANNAS ben Annas, high priest, assembles the sanhedrin (illegal w/o permission of the procurator), tries JAMES "the Just", bro of JC, and others, and condemns them to be stoned. Some oppose this illegal assembly and message Agrippa-II and Albinus enroute from Egypt. | Ant 20:9:1 61 BAA, Jud 2-534 62 CBCNT 132, Jud 10-11 |
c.62 | Son of Alpheus, and bro or cousin of Jesus, JAMES "the Just" dies. Head of Jerusalem church from 43. Thrown from top of temple, stoned and beheaded. SIMEON is unofficial leader. No leader until after 70. | Ant 20:9:1 61 ENBD 597, IDB 1-607, Jud 2-919 62 B76 V-507, 2-969, BBA 159, 239, BNTH 347, 375, CBCNT 119, 128, DDS 308, ENBD 227, GSNT 477, IDB 2-793, JZ 167, ISBE 1-128, MCAW, ODCC 722, WHCC 23, dnt, wikEBJ 66 Qlb 40, 48 |
c.62 | ANNAS ben Annas, high priest 3 months in 62, deposed by Agrippa-II, who appoints JOSHUA ben Damnai high priest until 63. | Ant 20:9:1 61 BAA 118 62 BNTH 64, 347, CBCNT 71 |
62 | ALBINUS LUCCEIUS, 13th procurator of Judea 62-4, enroute from Alexandria, learns of illegal sanhedrin meeting, writes angry letter threatening to punish Annas and others. Arrives. | 62 BNTH 347, Jud 2-919, 10-278, OCD 435, TTPC, jePr, wikJRP |
62 | ALBINUS LUCCEIUS, procurator of Judea 62-4, raises taxes, extorts, releases prisoners only on ransom, and kills many Sicarii. | Wars 2:14:1 62 CAH 10-855, GHH, Jud 2-534, 923 |
c.63 | JOSHUA ben Damnai, high priest from 62, deposed by Agrippa-II. JOSHUA ben Gamala succeeds until 65. | 63 BAA, BNTH 67, CBCNT 71, Jud 10-278, rcHL |
c.63±1 | Son of hp Ananias ben Nedebeus, ELEAZAR ben Ananias becomes strategos (captain of the temple) until 70. | 63±1 Jud 6-585 |
c.63 | SICARII (Zealot assassins), outside of Jerusalem from 54, become active inside Jerusalem. But there is no mention of Zealots by name until 66. | 63 JZ 202 |
64 | DAMASCUS, under Rome 54-383, annexed 62, comes loosely under Syria, but remains a member of Decapolis. | 64 BBA 181 |
64 | 3rd (Herod's) TEMPLE, begun 19 BC, finished during Albinus procuratorship leaving 18,000 workers unemployed. | 63 BI+N 195, BNTH 21, IDB 4-552 64 B76 10-146, BNTH 347, CAH 10-769, JZ 127, TTPC |
c.64 | AGRIPPA-II, tetrarch 53-93, is urged by counsellors to provide work for unemployed builders by raising the height of the east colonade (Solomon's porticoe), refuses to finance it, but agrees to pave Jerusalem in white marble. | 64 BNTH 347 |
64 | JOSEPHUS sails to Italy, goes to Rome to get release of certain priests sent there by Felix for trial. | Life 3 63 BBA, ENBD 660 64 B76 10-278, CDCC 474, IDB 1-50, Jud 10-251, 13-861 |
c.64 | ALBINUS LUCCEIUS, procurator of Judea 62-4, knowing he is about to be replaced, takes bribes and releases all but the most criminal prisoners. Many Zealots are freed. | Ant 20:9:3 64 JZ 127 no date: BNTH 349 |
c.64 | ALBINUS LUCCEIUS, 6th procurator of Judea from 62, ends. Gessius FLORUS succeeds until 66. Florus amasses wealth by destruction of multitudes, and spoil of cities. Thieves might plunder at will if Florus gets a cut. Josephus says he is worse than Albinus. | Wars 2:14:2, Ant 20:2:1 64 CAH 10-752, 754, DGRBM 1-93, 2-178, GHH, IDB 2-264, 3-893, Jud 2-534, 7-526, jePr, rcHL, wikJRP 65 BAA, BNTH 349, GSNT |
c.64 | Cestius GALLUS, governor of Syria 63-7, is conducted as far south as Caesarea by Gessius Florus. | Wars 2:14:3 64 Jud 5-315 |
c.64 | Jews go to Caesarea, complain to Cestius Gallus about conduct of procurator Florus. Cestius promises action, but does nothing. | Wars 2:14:3 64 Jud 5-315 |
c.64 | CENSUS of Judea taken by Cestius Gallus, governor of Syria 63-7 to convince Nero of Jewish strength and the gravity of the situation. | 64 Jud 5-315 |
c.64 | Cestius GALLUS, governor of Syria 63-7, returns to Antioch. | Wars 2:14:3 64 Jud 5-315 |
64±3 | JOSHUA ben Hananiah ordained in Jerusalem by Johanan ben Zakkai. | pre-68 Jud 10-279 |
64±2 | Palestinian Christians migrate to Asia province. | 64±1 BNTH 376 |
64 ±2 | Jerusalem Christians believe an oracle telling them to flee to Pella. They do so under Bishop Simeon, and become ancestors of the Ebionites. | 64±1 BNTH 375 66 DDS 522, GHH, Jud 9-1394 pre-68 IDB 1-511 70 B76 III-768, JZ 208, WHCC 23 |
65±5 | Epistle to the Hebrews written by an unknown person in an unknown place. | 60-4 ISBE 2-668 60-9 GSNT 531 62-4 Schaff 68 gnwd pre-70 BNTD 11, ISBE 1-490, NIV 1857 80-90 B76 2-968 |
c.65 | JOSHUA ben Gamala, high priest from 63, deopsed by Agrippa-II, dies 68. Agrippa-II appoints MATTHIAS ben Theophilus high priest until 67. | 64 rcHL 65 BAA 118, BNTH 64, 67, CBCNT 71, IDB 3-301, ISBE 3-289 no date: Jud 11-1131 |
Nearly nothing is known of church evolution from 65 to 100. | ISBE 2-535 |
c.65/6 | The newly finished temple already shows signs of the foundation sinking. Agrippa-II, at great expense, imports wood from Lebanon to underpin it. | 65/6 BNTH 347 |
Levant 66-70
V