| c.500 | Carthaginian HANNO with fleet of 60 ships explores west coast of Africa, probably beyond Cape Verde. | 500 CDCC 107, 337, Dur 3-20, TToH 490 Dur 2-341, MCAW 109 |
| c.500 | IRON AGE, in Nubia from 700, spreads to sub-Saharan Africa. | 500 TAWH 17 |
| c.500 | Metalworking is commonplace in West Africa. Ironworking is fully established in West and East Africa. Copper objects from Egypt, North Africa, Nubia and Ethiopia exist in West Africa, suggesting that trade had been established by this time. | by 500 nwe |
| c.500 | COPPER SMELTING begins in Mali and Niger. | 500 PW 16 |
| c.500 | NIGERIA: NOK culture begins smelting iron. | 500 wikA |
| c.500 | KAIROUAN in northeast Tunisia founded by Carthaginians. | 500 CAH 6-369 |
| c.500 | Nok culture begins in forests of central Nigeria to 200CE. The Nok are noted for their art and terracottas. | 500 PW 16, cocc |
| c.500 | Garamantes civilization (probably ancestors of the Tuareg) exist in Libyan Desert to 500CE. | by 500 nwe |
| c.500 | LEPTIS MAGNA, Phoenician city in Libya, comes under Carthage until 202. | 500 rcNA |
| c.499 | Ruler of Carthage from 510, HASDRUBAL ends. HAMILCAR-I succeeds to 480. | 499 hifiC |
| c.497 | Greeks and Cartaginians begin trading. | 497 GHH |
| c.480 | HAMILCAR-I son of Hanno(Herodotus) or Mago(Justin), elected basileus of Carthage. | 480 CAH 6-365 |
| c.480 | HAMILCAR-I, 3rd Magonid ruler of Carthage 510-480, with 300,000 (disputed) men including many mercenaries with the professed object of restoring Terillus, sails to counter Greek coalition on Sicily. | 480 DGRBM 2-326, 3-1098, DGRG 1-1066, MCAW 113, MWΦ 120, 209, OHG, RAH 213, hifiC 479 HAG |
| c.480 | Son of Hanno(Herodotus) or Mago(Justin), HAMILCAR-I dies. 3rd Magonid ruler of Carthage from 510, killed at Himera Sicily. Son HANNO-II the Navigator succeeds to 440. Kings lose most power to an aristocratic Council of Elders, and become little more than figureheads. | 480 B76 17-918, LEWH 71, MWΦ 120, OCD 6, 208, 486, 516, 985, 1061, RAH 213, hifiC, rcNA, wikMag, wikHam1, wikMC |
| c.480 | Satraps commanded by Xerxes-I, king of Medo-Persia 486-65, to circumnavigate Africa, sail just a little beyond the Pillars of Hercules. | 480 MCAW 113 |
| c.476 | CYRENE, under Greek king Battus-IV 515-465, under Persia from 525, recovers independence until 331. | 479-74 OCD 307 |
| c.466 | EUESPERIDES (Hesperides) Libya founded by Greeks of Cyrenaica as their capital. | 466 TTPC no date: B76 I-788 |
| c.465 | BATTUS-IV ends. 7th Greek king of Cyrene from 515, independent from 476. Son ARCHESILAUS-IV succeeds to 440. | 470 lvG 465 rcNA, wikC |
| c.463 | INAROS prince of Libya, under Persia, rebels against satrap HAKHAMANISH, who flees to Memphis. | 463 Schedl 461 DGRBM 2-572 |
| c.455 | CYRENE shelters Athenian survivors from Egyptian expedition. | 455 OCD 307 |
| c.450 | Barcid family comes to prominence as suffetes in Carthage. | 450 hifiC |
| c.440 | Son of Hamilcar, HANNO-II the Navigator ends. 4th Magonid ruler of Carthage from 480. Neph HANNIBAL-I MAGO succeeds to 406, while Himilco-I rules in Sicily 460-10. | 440 hifiC, rcNA, wikMag, wikMC |
| c.440 | BATTAID DYNASTY of CYRENE ends. Began 630. ARCHESILAUS-IV 8th Greek king of Cyrene from 465 expelled, flees to Euesperides, killed. His head is thrown into the sea. Cyrene becomes republic under Medo-Persia until 331. |
460 rcNA 450 DGRG 1-735 440 B76 13-149, ISBE 1-845, OCD 307, lvG, wikC |
| c.414 | Greek city of EUESPERIDES Libya besieged by Libyan tribes. Rescued by Spartan GLYPPOS who was blown there enroute to Sicily. | 414 CDCC 332, wikBng |
| c.410 | HIMILCO-I, Magonid ruler of Punic settlement in Sicily from 440, ends as ruler, but doesn't die until 406. | 410 wikMag |
| c.410 | Carthage mints 1st COINS, and then not for commercial reasons but for payment of troops in Sicily. This series ceases in 390. | 410 CAH 7.2-507 |
| c.409 | 100,000 Carthaginians under HANNIBAL-I MAGO, ruler of Carthage 440-06, with Libyan, Iberian, Campanian, and Greek mercenaries lands at Lilybaeum. Wars in Sicily until 405. | 409 B76 III-560, 8-350, 369, CAH 5, 6-127, DGRBM 2-331, Dur 2-438, GHH, HAG, LEWH 80, OCD 970, MCAW 140, MWΦ 124, OHG, RAH 306 408 lvG, lvS |
| c.409 | HANNIBAL-I, now in Sicily, gets royal power. | 409 CAH 6-373 |
| c.407/6 | HIMILCO son of Hanno and HANNIBAL son of Gisco sent to Sicily. | 406 DGRBM 2-473 |
| c.406 | HANNIBAL-I MAGO dies. Magonid ruler of Carthage from 440, dies in Sicily. HIMILCO-II succeeds to 396 also in Sicily. | 406 B76 8-369, MWΦ 197, hifiC, rcNA, wikMag, wikMC |
| c.405 | Greek city of EUESPERIDES Libya invites other Greeks to move in. | 405 CDCC 332 |
| c.405 | HIMILCO-II with a treaty and diseased troops, returns from Sicily to Carthage. Plague spreads to citizens, with effects for several years. | 405 DGRBM 2-474 |
| c.403 | ARISTON leads insurrection at Cyrene, kills or expells all nobles. | 403 DGRBM 1-309 |
| c. 400 c. 400 |
THEODOROS of CYRENE, mathematician, pupil of Protagoras, teacher of Plato and Theaetetos, flourishes. MATH: Allegedly proves that radical 3 and radical 5 and the roots of other non-square numbers up to 17 are irrational. His works are lost, so his method of proof is not known. (See Hippasus 445, Pythagoreans 445, Archytas 390, Thymaridas 375)  GEOMETRY: The "Spiral of Theodoros" is composed of contiguous right triangles with hypotenuse lengths equal √2, √3, √4, ..., √17; additional triangles cause the diagram to overlap. (See Hippias 420, Democritos 400, Archytas 390, Theaetetos 380) |
425 aleph 400-391 TTS 390 BHM 83 no date: OCD 1055 wikTC |
| c.398 | Hamilcar in Sicily from ?, returns to Carthage until 396. | 398 GHH |
| c.397 | Carthage prepares for another invasion of Sicily. | 397 GHH |
| c.396 | Carthage quells North African revolt. | 396 CAH 7.2 |
| c.396 | HIMILCO-II, ruler of Carthage, gives up Sicilian campaign, returns to Carthage with a message: Don't mess with goddess Demeter. | 397 MCAW 144 396 B76 8-370, CAH 7.2, GHH, bk |
| c.396 | HIMILCO-II dies. Magonid ruler of Carthage from 406, assumes responsibility for failure of Sicilian campaign, suicides out by starvation. MAGO-II succeeds to 375. | 397 MCAW 147 396 CAH 6, hifiC, rcNA, wikMag, wikMC |
| c.396 | Hamilcar returns to Sicily. | 396 GHH |
| c.395 | DEMETER worship from Sicily introduced to Carthage because of the plague on Punic troops in Sicily 396, after Carthaginians had sacked the sanctuary of Demeter-Kore. | 395 DGRG 1-546 |
| c.392 | MAGO, in Sicily from 396, returns to Carthage. He is soon promoted to suffete (man in charge) and remains so until 383. | 392 DGRBM 2-902 |
| c.390 | COINS, minted in Carthage from 410, stopped until 350. | 390 CAH 7.2-507 |
| c.383 | MAGO, suffete (man in charge) of Carthage from 392, ends. | 383 DGRBM 2-902, hifiC |
| c.383 | HIMILCO-III, succeeds and ends. ESHMUNIATON / Suniatus, member of the Council of Elders, succeeds until 382/0 | 383/2 hifiC |
| 383/2 | ESHMUNIATON opposes the Magonids at Carthage until 382/0. | 383/2 rcNA |
| c. 382/0 | ESHMUNIATON / Suniatus, ruler of Carthage, is disposed of in the courts when he is condemned for treason. HANNO-III assumes the position of first citizen, or tyrant until 360. | 382/0 hifiC |
| c.379 | Carthaginians again invade Sicily. | 379 GHH |
CONFUSION ALERT! There are 2 Hanno the Greats (in 382 and 250). The numbering which had begun with the previous 2 rulers named Hanno is ignored. Here, the numbering from the previous 2 Hannos is continued, thereby differentiating the 2 "Greats" as Hanno-III and Hanno-IV. hifiC
That being said, I still have no idea how to unscramble this mess.
| c.375 | MAGO-II, Magonid ruler of Carthage from 396, suicides. MAGO-III succeeds to 344. | 383 hifiC 383 Himilco-3 succeeds: rcNA 375 wikMag, wikMC |
| c.373 | TREATY between Dionysius-I of Syracuse and Carthage profitable for Carthage. | 373 CAH 6-373 |
| c.370 | ARISTIPPUS, former associate of Socrates, flourishes. Founds Cyrenaic School of hedonistic philosophy in Cyrene. | 396 DUR 2-458 394 GHH 370 MCAW 155 |
| c.369 | Messenians at Greek city of EUESPERIDES Libya from ?, leave. | 369 CDCC 332 |
| c.367 | 200 Punic ships under Hanno-III sent to Drepana Sicily. | 367 MWΦ 198, hifiC |
| c.360 | AGESILAUS-II Eurypontid king of Sparta from 399 dies of illness in Cyrene. Nectanebo has the corpse royally embalmed before sending it to Sparta. Son ARCHIDAMUS-III, succeeds to 338. | 361 MRDK, rcPl 361/0 OCD 98 360 CDCC 22, 486, Dur 2-458, MCAW 158, OCD 27, 98, 1007, OHG 359 lvG |
| c.360 | HANNO-III ends. ruler of Carthage from 382, apparently steps down from his position as head of state until 344. MAGO-III succeeds until 344. | 360 hifiC |
| c.356 | ARISTIPPUS, former associate of Socrates, founder of the Cyrenaic School in Cyrene, dies. | 356 KPHP 84 |
| c.350 | COIN minting in Carthage, stopped from 390, resumed with prolific gold coins (possibly minted in Sicily). | 350 CAH 7.2-507 |
| c.348 | Rome / Carthage Λ 2nd treaty V and trade agreement. Romans will stay away from Sardinia and Libya. Carthage will not attack Latin cities loyal to Rome. Contains trade clauses acknowledging the possibility that Roman traders might visit Sicily or Africa, but primarily to protect commercial interests of Carthage, not Rome. | 348 Agθ 33, B76 13-149, CAH 7.2-323, DGRG 1-533, LEWH 85, MCAW 163, MWΦ 210, OCD 208, TToH, bk |
| c.348 | Above treaty includes "the Carthaginians, Tyrians, Uticeans, and their allies". Apparently ties with Phoenicia still exist. | 348 DGRG 1-533 |
| c.345 | HANNO-III with 50,000 inf backed by cav, many chariots, and siege engines, sent to Sicily. | 344 DGRBM 2-342, hifiC |
| c.344 | ZELALSEN becomes king of the Massylii until 274 and creates the unified Numidian kingdom. | 344 wikKNm |
| c.344 | MAGO-III dies. Magonid ruler of Carthage from 360, suicides. HANNO-III resumes to 340. | 344 hifiC, wikMag, wikMC vacant until 340: rcNA |
| c.341 | 200 Punic warships carrying 70,000 inf and 10,000 cav under Hasdrubal and Hamilcar land at Lilybaeum Sicily to restore Punic authority in the west. | 341 CAH 6-713, OCD 1076 339 DGRBM 3-1140 |
| c.340 | HANNO-III dies. Magonid ruler of Carthage from 344, attempts a coup against Council of Elders to restore full monarchial power, fails, tortured, executed. All of his family are executed. Son GISCO succeeds to 330. Magonid dynasty, ruling from 550, ends. Hannid Dynasty rules until 308. | 344 CAH 7.2 343 Agθ 33 340 DGRG 1-542, hifiC, wikMag, wikMC 339 hifiC, rcNA 337 wikMC |
| c.332 | LIBYA, under Cyrene from ?, comes under Macedon until 323. | 332 rcNA |
| c.331 | CYRENE and Cyrenaica, independent from 476, republic 440-?, submits to Alex-III, under Macedonia until 322. APOLLONIOS becomes governor. | 331 CAH 6, DGRBM 1-237, 3-261, lvG, rcNA no date: OCD 307 |
| c.330 | GISCO ends. 2nd Hannid ruler of Carthage from 337. HAMILCAR-II succeeds to 309. | 330 hifiC, rcNA, wikMC |
| c.323 | THIBRON, ostensibly championing some Cyrenaean exiles, sails from Crete to Cyrene, defeats the Cyrenaeans in battle, takes Apollonia Cyrenaica, extorts 500 talents and half of their war-chariots. | 324 DGRBM 3-1103 no date: wikθb 322 atl4 |
| c.323 | MNASICLES, an officer of Thibron, defects to the Cyrenaeans, helps them recover Apollonia. | 324 DGRBM 3-1103 no date: wikθb |
| c.323 | THIBRON, aided by Barcans and Hesperians, takes the town of Tauchira, but loses many men to the enemy. His fleet is wrecked by a storm. Thibron gets reinforcements from the Peloponnese, defeats the Cyrenaeans (now aided by Libyans and Carthaginians), and besieges Cyrene. | no date: wikθb |
| c.323 | A faction of Cyrenean oligarchs ask Ptolemy satrap of Egypt for help against Thibron. | no date: wikθb |
| c.323 | PTOLEMY satrap of Egypt 323-05 sends large force under Macedonian Ophellas, to rescue Cyreneans from Thibron. | 322 DGRBM 3-32 no date: wikθb |
| c.323 | LIBYA, under Macedon from 332, comes under Ptolemies until 96. | 323 rcNA |
| c.322 | Macedonian OPHELLAS defeats Thibron, who flees, and falls into the hands of some Libyans, who deliver him to Epicydes, an Olynthian, whom Ophellas, having taken Taucheira, had made governor of the town. Ophellas then rules Cyrene as a vassal of Ptolemy until 312. | 323 B76 III-329, rcNA 322 B76 15-180, CAH 7.1-397, MWΦ 127, OCD 752, lvG 321 Jud 5-1183, atl4 no date: wikθb 322 Agθ 144, atl4 |
| c.322 | CYRENE, under Macedonia from 331, comes under Ptolemies until 312. | 323 B76 III-329, rcNA 322 Agθ 144, B76 15-180, CAH 7.1-397, DGRBM 3-582, ISBE 1-845, MWΦ 127, OCD 752, atl4, lvG 321 DGRG 1-733, Jud 5-1183, atl4 no date: wikθb |
| c.322 | THIBRON crucified in Apollonia Cyrenaica. | 323 wikθb |
| c.322 | Macedonian OPHILLAS appointed governor of Cyrene by Ptolemy. | 322 MWΦ 127, OCD 752 |
| c.322/1 | CONSTITUTION established for Cyrene. A copy still exists. | 322/1 CAH 10-628 |
| c.318 | HAMILCAR negotiates treaty allowing AGATHOCLES to return to Syracuse. | 318 MWΦ 199 |
| c.313 | AGIS, a general under Ptolemy, suppresses a revolt at Cyrene. | 313 atl4 |
| c.313 | HAMILCAR dies in Sicily. He is secretly condemned by Punic senate, and dies soon afterward. No single man is in charge of Punic armies in Sicily until 311. | 314 atl4 313 Agθ 64 |
| c.312 | OPHILLAS governor of Cyrene rebels until 309. CYRENE, under Ptolemy from 322, independent until 300. | 313 DGRBM 3-32 313/2 OCD 752 312 OCD 307 |
| c.311 | ¼ of Hamilcar's troops are Libyan. | 311 CAH 7.2-494 |
| c.311 | Carthage sends Hamilcar-II with 130 warships, 2,000 Punic troops, many of noble birth, 10,000 Africans, 1,000 mercenaries, 200 chariots from Etruria, and 1,000 Balearic slingers against Sicily. He sails... | 311 Agθ 70 |
| 310 Aug. 20 | AGATHOCLES with 60 ships arrives in Africa, lands at Latomiae on the Hermaean promontory, about 110km from Carthage, attacks Carthaginians. Beaches his ships and puts up an earth wall to guard them. In Africa until 307. | 310 Agθ 90, B76 I-133, 13-148, CAH 7.1-394, 7.2, DGRBM 1-182, 499, Dur 2-555, GHH, LEWH 90, MCAW 178, MWΦ 126, 199, atl4, bk, hifiC, lvS, wikAg |
| c.310 | AGATHOCLES burns his ships, tells his men it is because he made a vow to Demeter. | 310 Agθ 106, atl4 |
| c.310 | AGATHOCLES captures Carthaginian Megalopolis (unknown location), tears down its walls, and camps in the open. | 310 Agθ 107, atl4 |
| c.310 | Punic senate, having 40,000 poorly trained infantry, 1,000 cav, and 2,000 chariots to defend Carthage, put them under 2 leaders of opposite parties, Hanno and Bomilcar. Agathocles has 2,500 well trained inf under his own command; 3,500 Syracusans, 3,000 Greek mercenaries, and 3,000 foreigners (Celts, Samnites and Etruscans), 500 bowmen and slingers. | 310 Agθ 110, DGRBM 2-342 |
| c.310 | AGATHOCLES captures Punic Tunis (not necessarily modern Tunis), and tears down its walls. | 310 Agθ 108, atl4 |
| c.310 | A Punic admiral picks up the brass prows of Agathocles' burnt ships and sails them to Carthage. | 310 Agθ 110 |
| c.310 | AGATHOCLES defeats a Carthaginian army under Hanno and Bomilcar. Hanno is killed. Bomilcar orders retreat. Nearly the whole army flees to Carthage. The Greeks pursue, then turn back to plunder the camp. | 310 Agθ 114-15, GHH, atl4 |
| c.310 | Carthaginians get religious, ship many costly gifts to Tyre as offerings to Melkart, sacrifice (burn) 200 high ranking children locally to Moloch. Another 300 children volunteer for death by fire. | 310 Agθ 116 |
| c.310 | AGATHOCLES builds 2 ships, and sends them under Nearchus to inform Syracuse of their victory. | 310 Agθ 119 |
| c.310 | HAMILCAR-II sends 5,000 men home from Sicily. | 310 atl4 |
| c.310 | AGATHOCLES sets up base camp at Tunis (not necessarily modern Tunis), leaves a detachment there to watch Carthage, marched to the east coast and takes a suburb of Carthage called Neapolis by storm, but spares the citizens, so he can play liberator. | 310/9 Agθ 122-3 |
| c.310 | ELYMAS king of Libyans joins to Agathocles, presently besieging Hadrumetum, until 309. | 310 Agθ 123 |
| c.310 | While Agathocles is besieging Hadrumetum, the Carthaginians surprise and besiege his base camp at Tunis (not necessarily modern Tunis). | 310/9 Agθ 123 |
| c.310 | AGATHOCLES leaves most of his men besieging Hadrumetum, surprise attacks Carthaginians besieging Tunis, who run back to Carthage. Agathocles then returns to Hadrumetum. | 310 atl4 310/9 Agθ 124 |
| c.310 | HADRUMETUM taken by Agathocles, who then marches south to Thapsus, storms Thapsus. Smaller towns then surrender. | 310 atl4 310/9 Agθ 124 |
| 310/9 | By the end of the year Agathocles controls 200 African towns. | 310/9 Agθ 125 |
| c.309 | Syracusan troops mutiny because of non-payment. | early 309 CAH 7.1-396 |
| c.309 | ASPIS dockyard and fortress founded by Agathocles. | 310 DGRG 1-242 309 Agθ 126 308 atl4 |
| c.309 | ELYMAS king of Libyans, ally of Agathocles from 310, proved faithless. | 309 Agθ 127 |
| c.309 | Carthaginians are busy trying to reconquer rebellious Numidians. War shifts from the coast inland. | 309 CAH 7.1-396 |
| c.309 | At Tunis (not necessarily modern Tunis) Lyciscus, one of Agathocles' generals, gets drunk, and insults him. Agathocles makes a joke of it, but his son Archagathus kills Lyciscus. The army divides, some wanting to kill Archagathus. The Carthaginians learn of it and solicit the disgruntled Sicilians to defect. Agathocles threatens suicide, therby reuniting his men behind him. They all walk toward the Punic camp as though defecting. Then they surprise attack the Carthaginians and defeat them. | 309 Agθ 128-30, DGRBM 2-845, atl4 |
| c.309 | HAMILCAR-II dies. 3rd Hannid ruler of Carthage from 330, killed in Sicily. | 309 Agθ 130-36, CAH 7.1-401, atl4, hifiC, wikMC 308 MCAW 181, MWΦ 199 |
| c.309 | Head of HAMILCAR-II, 3rd Hannid ruler of Carthage from 330, is sent to Agathocles, who takes it to the Carthaginian camp. BOMILCAR succeeds to 308. | 309 Agθ 136, hifiC, rcNA, wikMC |
| c.309 | AGATHOCLES leaves son Archagathus in charge of Tunis, marches the best part of his army inland. | 309 CAH 7.1-396 |
| c.309 | AGATHOCLES narrowly defeats a Carthaginian army in the interior of Africa, but his own camp is looted by Numidians. By this time, there are Greek and Numidian mercenaries fighting on both sides. | 309 CAH 7.1-396, atl4 308 Agθ 141-2 |
| c.309 | AGATHOCLES, seeking allies, sends an envoy to OPHELLAS, governor of Cyrene. Promises the whole kingdom of Libya in return for help overthrowing Carthage. | 309 Agθ 144-5, spring CAH 7.1-396 |
| c.309 | OPHELLAS, governor of Cyrene, gets permission from Ptolemy-I to join Agathocles of Syracuse, in his attempt to conquer Carthage. | 309 lvPt1 308 atl4 |
| c.309 | OPHELLAS, governor of Cyrene, recruits thousands of mercenaries from Greece. With 10,000 inf, 600 cav, 100 chariots, plus 10,000 unarmed followers he marches west for 2 months to join Agathocles. They attack Carthaginians successfully until 307. Cyrene's rebellion against Ptolemy pauses until 306. | 309 CAH 7.1, lvPt1 308 Agθ 145-8, atl4 |
| c.308 | OPHELLAS governor of Cyrene from 322, murdered by Agathocles, who takes over his troops. | 309 OCD 307, 752 308 Agθ 148, fall CAH 7.1, atl4, lvG, lvS, rcNA |
| c.308 | MAGAS, step-son of PTOLEMY-I, sent to recover Cyrene after death of Ophellas. | 308 DGRBM 2-898 |
| c.308 | BOMILCAR dies. 4th Hannid ruler of Carthage from 309, with 500 citizens and native African mercenaries, tries to overthrow Council of Elders. His followers are promised pardon, and desert. Bomilcar is crucified. Hannid Dynasty ends. Began 340. Monarchy is terminated. Oligarchic republic succeeds to 146. | 308 Agθ 154, CAH 7.2-496, DGRBM 1-499, DGRG 1-542, atl4, hifiC, rcNA, wikMC |
| c.308 | UTICA conquered by Agathocles. | 308 Agθ 155, CDCC 916 307 atl4 |
| c.308 | HIPPUACRA on the coast conquered by Agathocles. | 308 Agθ 156-7 |
| c.307 | AGATHOCLES of Syracuse, in Africa from 310, leaves his son Archagathus in charge of Africa. With 2,000 men and much loot Agathocles returns to returns to Sicily until later 307. | 308 CAH 7.1-402 308/7 Agθ 158 307 B76 I-133, CAH 7.1, 7.2, MWΦ 199, OCD 25, 208, atl4, hifiC, wikAg |
| c.307 | ARCHAGATHUS sends general EUMACHUS with 8,000 inf, 800 cav south against the Numidians and other allies of Carthage. | 307 atl4 306 Agθ 162 |
| c.307 | EUMACHUS takes Tocae and Phillene, then gains submission of the Asphodelian tribe. | 306 Agθ 162-3 |
| c.307 | EUMACHUS takes Meschela, Hippuacra, and a free town named Acris, which is sacked and inhabitants enslaved. Eumachus then marches back to Archagathus, laden with plunder. | 306 Agθ 163 |
| c.307 | ARCHAGATHUS sends EUMACHUS on a 2nd raid south. | 306 Agθ 163 |
| c.307 | EUMACHUS surprise attacks Miltiane, but after a street fight Eumachus is driven out with heavy loss. | 306 Agθ 163 |
| c.307 | CARTHAGE sends out 30,000 men in 3 columns to attack Archagathus from 2 directions and Eumachus with the 3rd. | 306 Agθ 163 |
| c.307 | Though Eumachus had not yet returned, ARCHAGATHUS divides his army. | 307 atl4 306 Agθ 165 |
| c.307 | EUMACHUS is defeated and killed by Carthaginians. Of his 8,000 inf and 800 cav, only 30 footmen and 40 knights escape. | 306 Agθ 166 |
| c.307 | ARCHAGATHUS learns of Eumachus' disaster withdraws to Tunis, and sends word to Agathocles to rescue them. All Numidians join the Carthaginians, and they besiege Tunis. | 307 atl4 306 Agθ 166 |
| c.307 | AGATHOCLES returns from Syracuse to Tunis, finds his African troops near mutiny. He attacks the Carthaginians, now controling high ground, and is defeated, losing 3,000. | 307 Agθ 173 |
| c.307 | An accidental fire in the Punic camp, plus 5,000 Libyans who intended to defect arriving from the Sicilian camp causes the Carthaginians to panic, thinking they are under attack. They flee to Carthage. The 5,000 Libyans return to the Sicilian camp, where they are again mistaken for attackers, and cause another panic. | 307 Agθ 175-6 |
| c.307 | All African allies of Agathocles desert. AGATHOCLES, in Africa from earlier 307, leaves his sons Archagathus and Heracleides in charge of the mess in Africa, escapes, to Sicily. | 307 Agθ 177-9, B76 I-133, MWΦ 199, OCD 25, 208, DGRBM 1-64, atl4, wikAg |
| c.307 | ARCHAGATHUS and HERACLEIDES, sons of Agathocles, are killed by Syracusan army, which agrees to terms with Carthaginians: The Sicilians give up all Punic towns still in their hands; and for these they are paid 300 talents; as many as wished could enlist on the Punic side at their old pay grade, the rest to be settled at Solus in Punic Sicily. | 307 Agθ 180, DGRBM 2-388, GHH, atl4 |
| c.306 | Rome / Carthage Λ 3rd Treaty V (the Philinus treaty) renews previous pacts. Romans are barred from all Sicily and Carthaginians from all Italy. | 306 CAH 7.1-404, 7.2, DGRG 1-540, MWΦ 129, atl4, bk |
| c.306 | Cyrene, rebelling against Ptolemy-I from 312, paused from 309, resumes until 300. | 306 OCD 307 |
North Africa 300-201
V