| 275 | CONSULS: Manius Curius DENATUS (2/3rd) and L.(3) Cornelius LENTULLUS CAUDINUS | 275 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-992, 2-729, LdHR 1-278, OCD 332, csm, wikCon |
| c.275 | Manius Curius DENATUS is first to order the sale of the property of a defaulting debtor at the levy (and perhaps of the man himself). | 275 CAH 7.2-221 |
| c.275 | Λ CENSORS V patrician Q. Aemilius Papus; pleb C. Fabricius Luscinus | 275 B76 IV-22, DGRBM 2-842, 3-120, wikLC |
| c.275 | P. Cornelius Rufinus is expelled from the senate by censors C. Fabricius and Q. Aemilius Papus, for owning 10 pounds of silver table-ware, when law permits only 8 ounces. (See Orchia 182) | 275 CAH 8-185, DGRBM 3-665 |
| c.275 | Manius Curius DENATUS barely defeats PYRRHUS of Epirus at MALVENTUM. 2 elephants killed, 8 captured. | 275 B76 I-974, CAH 7.2-381, CDCC 737, DGRBM 1-992, Dur 3-38, GHH, LEWH 98, MCAW, OCD 332, SORH, wikLRB, wikMCD, wikPyr 274 DGRBM 3-614 |
| c.275 | C. Fabricius Luscinus makes peace treaty with Pyrrhus of Epirus. | 275 B76 IV-22 |
| c.275 | MILO, general of Pyrrhus, left in charge of Taras with a garrison until 272. | 274 GHH no date: DGRBM 3-613 |
| c.275 | Manius Curius DENATUS defeats Pyrrhus again in the Arusinian plain. Pyrrhus returns to Taras. | 275 DGRBM 1-992, TAG 259 274 DGRBM 3-614 |
| c.275 | PYRRHUS king of Epirus sends envoys to kings of Macedonia and Syria asking for money. No luck. | 275 SORH |
| c.275 | PYRRHUS king of Epirus, in Italy from 276, returns with only 8,000 inf and 500 cav and no money to Epirus. ROME becomes undisputed master of south Italy. |
275 BCoC 485, CAH 7.1-221, 7.2, DGRBM, Dur 3-38, LEWH 91, MCAW, OHG, RAH 385, TToH 274 B76 1-991, DGRBM 3-614, GHH, HRRP 1-382, TAG 260, bk |
| c.275 | Romans campaign against Samnites and Lucanians. | 275 CAH 7.2 |
| c.275 | BARI, port on Adriatic coast of Apulia, under Greeks from 500, comes under Rome until 218. | 275 rcSI |
| c.275 | BRUTTIUM (toe of Italian boot) comes under Rome until 395CE. | 275 rcSI 266 TToH |
| c.275 | HIPPONIUM, under the Brutti from 289, comes under Rome until ?. Renamed VIBO. | no date: DGRG 1-1070 |
| 274 | CONSULS: Manius Curius DENATUS (3/4th) and Servius Cornelius MERENDA | 274 B76 III-476, CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-992, 2-1047, OCD 332, csm, wikCon |
| c.274 | Consul M' Curius DENATUS is sent to Samnium. | 274 DGRBM 3-614 |
| c.274 | Consul Servius Cornelius MERENDA is sent to Lucania. | 274 DGRBM 2-1047, 3-614 |
| c.274 | Romans campaign against Samnites, Brutti, and Lucani. | 274 SORH |
| c.274 | LUCANI, former allies of Pyrrhus, conquered by M' Curius DENATUS. Half of the Sila forest is siezed by Rome. | 274 B76 III-471, OCD 332, wikMCD no date: OCD 183 |
| c.274/3 | CAERE, near coast of Etruria, rebels until 273. | 274 CAH 7.2 |
| 273 | CONSULS: C. Claudius CANINA (2nd) and C. Fabius DORSO LICINIUS | 273 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-1069, csm, wikCon |
| c.273 | Vestal virgin SEXTILIA condemned for incest, buried alive. | 274 GHH 273 DGRBM 3-810 |
| c.273 | Rome sends 3 ambassadors including Q. Ogulnius to PTOLEMY-II Philadelphus, who in turn sends envoys to Rome. Rome / Egypt friendship treaty results. | 273 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 3-20, GHH, HRRP 2-7, LdHR 1-281, MCAW, OCD 927, SORH, lvPt2 |
| c.273 | COSA, on coast of Etruria, founded over Etruscan site of Cusi as a Latin colony. 3402km, 2,500 adult male settlers. | 273 CAH 7.2-381, 391, 405, CDCC 219, 238, DGRBM, DGRG 1-695, GHH, OCD 293, SORH, bk, wikCs |
| c.273 | POSIDONIA on Campania / Lucania border, under Lucanians from 400, becomes a Latin colony. 5402km, 4,000 adult male settlers, renamed PAESTUM. | 273 CAH 7.2-381, 391, 405, 8-206, CDCC 219, DGRBM, GHH, SORH, wikPst |
| c.273 | CAERE Etruria, rebelling from 274, suppressed, deprived of half its land, annexed by Rome, without suffrage. | 273 CAH 7.2-314, 381 |
| 272 | CONSULS: Spurius CARVILIUS MAXIMUS (2nd) and L. PARIRIUS CURSOR (2nd) | 272 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-905, 2-987, OCD 210, csm, wikCon |
| c.272 | Λ CENSORS V patrician Lucius Papirius Cursor; pleb Manlius Curius Dentatus | 272 DGRBM 1-905, 992, LdHR 1-280, wikLC |
| c.272 | ANIO VETUS, Rome's 2nd aqueduct, begun by censor Manius Curius DENATUS, funded by spoils from Pyrrhus. Carries dirty water 39.6 miles over 18.4 miles of straight distance from Anio river, mostly below ground, to irrigate agriculture near Rome. Completed 3 years later. | 273 DGRA 110 272 B76 1-1036, CAH 7.2-408, CDGRA 44, DGRBM 1-992, OCD 89, 332, TTT, wikLA |
| c.272 | Lake VELINUS formed by rivers Avens, Himella and Tolenus in newly conquered Sabine territory is partly drained by Manius Curius DENATUS by cutting tunnels thru rock. This provides much fertile land and a man-made waterfall at Terni, still extant. | 289 OCD 332 272 LdHR 1-470, bril |
| c.272 | Romans campaign against Brutii, Samnites and Lucanians. | 272 CAH 7.2 |
| c.272 | MILO, Epiran general at Taras from 275, betrays Taras to Rome and submits. | 272 Dur 3-38, GHH, HRRP 1-383, LEWH 98, SORH |
| c.272 | ROME / TARAS WAR from 282 ends. | 272 TToH, TTPC |
| c.272 | TARAS, Spartan city from 706, oligarchy from 303/2, taken by Rome. Walls and military resources destroyed. Administration left intact. Name changed to TARENTUM. Under Rome until 212. Romans now become more familiar with Greek culture. | 272 B76 IX 822, CAH 7.2-381, 8-479, CDGRA 641, DGRBM, Dur 3-20, 74, GHH, HRRP 1-383, LdHR 1-461, LEWH 98, MCAW, OHG, SORH, TTPC, rcSI, vrb 271 B76 15-1090 268 BCoC 489 |
| c.272 | METAPONTUM with Epirotes from 280, back under Rome until 212. | 272 CDCC 577 |
| c.272 | South Italy conquered by Rome. Samnites, Lucani, and Brutti all submit. | 272 SORH, TToH |
| c.272 |  VIA APPIA, connecting Rome to Tarentum from 291, extended to Brundisium. |
272 TToH 270 MCAW |
| c.272 | LIVIUS ANDRONICUS, Greek scholar at Tarentum, enslaved, brought to Rome until death 204. Literature finally arrives in Rome. | 272 CAH 7.2, Dur 3-20, LdHR 1-461, MCAW after Tarentum: Dur 3-74 |
| 271 | CONSULS: pleb L. Genucius CLEPSINA and Caeso QUINCTIUS CLAUDIUS | 271 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-778, csm, wikCon |
| 271 | Consul L. Genucius CLEPSINA sent to reduce Decius Jubellius and the Mamertines who had held up in Rhegium. | 271 LdHR 1-281 |
| 270 | CONSULS: Gn. Cornelius BLASIO and C. Genucius CLEPSINA (2nd) | 270 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-491, 804, csm, wikCon |
| c.270 | Λ CENSORS V Tiberius CORUNCANIUS and C. Claudius CANINA. | 270 DGRBM 1-860 |
| c.270 | M' Curius DENATUS, pleb hero statesman, dies. | 270 B76 III-471, OCD 332, wikMCD |
| c.270 | APULIA (the heel of Italy), under Romans from 317, annexed to Rome until 395CE. | 272 tttP 270 rcSI |
| c.270 | RHEGIUM, under Epirus from 277, taken by consul Genucius supported by Hieron of Syracuse. 300 Mamertines under Decius Jubellius are taken prisoner to Rome and beheaded. Rhegium is given back to Greeks. Roman ally thru Punic Wars. See 90. | 271 GHH, IDB 4-75 270 B76 VIII-480, CAH 7.2, DGRBM 1-804, DGRG 2-705, ISBE 4-181, LEWH 98, MCAW, OCD 920, SORH, TTPC 25, rcSI |
| c.270 | Population of Rome 100,000. | 270 wikHR |
| 269 | CONSULS: C. FABIUS PICTOR and Q. Ogulnius GALLUS | 269 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 2-228, 3-19, 364, csm, wikCon |
| c.269 | Λ CENSORS V patrician Lucius Aemilius Barbula; pleb Q.(1) Marcius Philippus | 269 wikLC |
| c.269 | MONEY: Roman COINS, only copper from 300: New silver coins designed by Greeks minted at the temple of Juno Moneta, who becomes the personification of money. Silver DENARIUS = 1 days wage = 10 bronze ases. Sestertius = 2.5 ases. Workmanship is inferior to best Greek coins, but better than anything Roman before or after. Senate suppresses rival coins. | 269 B76 12-350, 19-301, CAH 7.2-416, CDGRA 182, 419, DGRA 26, 133, 393, DGRBM, Dur 3-79, GHH, LdHR 1-466, MCAW, wikRC 269/8 CDGRA 10, 183 268 HRRP 1-548, TTPC 25, TToH, bk |
| c.269 | 40 silver denarii = 1 lb. | 269 HRRP 1-497-8 |
| c.269 | Samnite LOLLIUS escapes from Rome, collects followers, tries to raise the Caraceni of the Sagrus valley to rebel. Quickly suppressed by consuls. | 269 HRRP 1-384, SORH |
| c.269 | Consul Q. Ogulnius GALLUS begins a fight with the Picentes until 268. | 269 DGRBM 2-228 |
| c.269 | Romans campaign in Bruttium. | 269 CAH 7.2 |
| c.269 | ASCULUM in Picenum, allied with Romans from 299, rebels until 268. | 269 DGRG 1-231, SORH |
| c.269 |  First Roman silver coin minted at Rome, a drachma. Left: Hercules; right: She wolf nursing Romulus & Remus. |
photo: Curtius 269 wikRRC |
| 268 | CONSULS: Ap.(8) Claudius Crassus RUFUS and P. Sempronius SOPHUS | 268 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 3-877, csm, wikCon |
| Divorce formula: "Take what belongs to you and give up the keys." | HRRP 1-552 |
| c.268 | SABINES, independent allies without vote from 290, given full Roman citizenship, incorporated into new tribes Velina and Quirina. | 268 CAH 7.2, CDCC 775, SORH, wikRt |
| c.268 | MALVENTUM, under Rome from ?, becomes Latin colony. 5752km, 6,000 adult male settlers. Name changed to BENEVENTUM. | 268 CAH 7.2-381, 405, CDCC 219, DGRBM, GHH, MCAW, OCD 165, SORH |
| c.268 | ARIMINUM on coast of Umbria, under Senones from ?, Senones expelled, becomes a Latin colony to defend against Gauls. 6502km, 6,000 adult male settlers. Comes under Rome until 396CE. | 268 CAH 7.2-381, 391, 405, CDCC 219, DGRBM, DGRG 1-213, 938, GHH, OCD 108, SORH, TAWH 87, bk, rcNI |
| c.268 | ASCULUM, capital of Picenum, rebelling from 269, stormed and taken by consul P. Sempronius Sophus, under Romans until ?. Some of the inhabitants are transferred to the west coast south of the Bay of Neapolis, where they are called Picentines. Leads to submission of all Picenum this year. | 268 DGRBM, DGRG 1-231, GHH, LdHR 1-282, OCD 130, SORH, wikAs |
There is another Asculum in Apulia.
| c.268 | PICENUM incorporated into Rome without suffrage except for Asculum. | 269/8 CAH 7.2-381 |
| c.268 | TELLUS (Terra Mater) Roman earth goddess, gets a temple on the Esquiline Hill. | 268 B76 IX-874 |
| 267 | CONSULS: L. Julius LIBO and M. Atilius REGULUS | 267 B76 VIII-484, CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 2-778, 3-643, csm, wikCon |
| c.267 | Consuls attack the Sallentini in Apulia for control of Brundisium, and defeat them. | 267 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 2-778, DGRG 1-445, SORH |
| c.267 | QUAESTORS, 4 in number from 421, increased to 8. 4 are stationed in various towns, mostly to administer public finance. 4 quaestors classici guard the coast. | 275 GHH 267 B76 15-1096, CDGRA 529, DGRA 981, OCD 906, unrv |
| increased to 6 or 8 | 267 CAH 7.2 | |
| increased to 10 | 267 wikQs |
| c.267 | BRUNDISIUM taken by consul REGULUS. | 267 CAH 7.2, DGRBM, DGRG 1-445, GHH, OCD 911, SORH |
| 266 | CONSULS: Numerius FABIUS PICTOR and Decimus Junius PERA | 266 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 3-185, 364, wikCon |
| c.266 | Consul Decimus Junius PERA defeats and subdues the Sarsinates. | 266 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 3-185, SORH |
| c.266 | The Sallentini and Messapii defeated by consul Decimus Junius PERA. Sallentini submit to Rome. | 266 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 3-185, SORH |
| c.266 | SARSINA, main Umbrian city, taken by Decimus Junius PERA. All Umbria submits to Rome | 266 LdHR 1-282 |
| 265 | CONSULS: Q.(2) Fabius Maximus GURGES (3rd) and L. Mamilius VITULUS | 265 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 2-912, 3-1278, csm, wikCon |
| c.265 | Q.(3) Fabius Maximus (probably son of Gurges) is aedile. He assaults ambassadors from Apollonia Illyria, and is therefore sent as prisoner to Apollonia. | 264 DGRBM 2-993 |
| c.265 | Λ CENSORS V patrician Gn. Cornelius Blasio; pleb C. Marcius Rutilus (2nd) Rutilus is the only man to be elected censor twice. | 265 DGRA 261, DGRBM 1-492, 664, wikLC |
| c.265 | Lex Marcia by censor Marcius Rutilus: No man can be elected censor twice. He is then surnamed Censorinus. | 265 DGRA 261, SORH |
| by 265 | Rome loosely controls all Italy south of the Po Valley. | by 265 SHWC 104 |
| by 265 | The Roman oligarchic system is so entrenched and widely accepted that Romans think it the ideal form of government. | by 265 SHWC 106 |
| c.265 | VOLSINII Etruria, has popular insurrection against aristocracy, which calls on Rome for help. | 264 CAH 7.2-387, 8-226, SORH |
| c.265 | VOLSINII, last independent Etruscan town, besieged by Consul Q.(2) Fabius Maximus Gurges, who is killed in a sally by Etruscan serfs. | 265 DGRBM 2-993, LdHR 1-282 |
| c.265 | VOLSINII conquered and destroyed by Rome, defenders executed, 2,000 bronze statues and other art works confiscated. A new city is founded on low ground and named BOLSENA. Conquest of Etruria is complete. Etruscan and Umbrian communities remain nominally independent but are bound to Rome by alliance treaties. | 266 GHH 265 B76 II-132, 15-1090, DGRG 1-863, LdHR 1-282, SORH 265/4 CAH 7.2 264 CAH 7.2-381, bk |
| c.265/4 | Λ CENSUS V registers 292,324 adult males. Rome is 26,850 km2 with a population in the region of 900,000. On these figures Romans have more than 20% of the total land surface of peninsular Italy (125,445 km2) and nearly 30% of its population (estimated over 3,000,000). | 266 GHH 265/4 CAH 7.2-137, CDCC 179, csun 264 CAH 7.2-403 |
| c.264 | 2,000 statues brought from Volsini to Rome by M.(1) Fulvius Flaccus. | 264 CAH 8-484 |
| 264 | CONSULS: Ap.(7) CLAUDIUS CAUDEX and M.(1) Fulvius FLACCUS | 264 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-768, 2-153, csm, wikCon |
| c.264 | POLYBIUS' Histories begin here and end in 146. | 264 CAH 8-4, wikPlb |
| c.264 | FIRMUM Picenum becomes a Latin colony to defend against Gauls. 4002km, 4,000 adult male settlers. | 264 CAH 7.2-381, 391, 405, CDCC 219, SORH |
| c.264 | AESERNIA, formerly a Samnite city, becomes a Latin colony. | 264 DGRG 1-55 263 SORH |
| c.264 | CASTRUM NOVUM, on coast of Etruria west of Caere, becomes a Latin colony to defend against Gauls. | 264 CAH 7.2-391, CDCC 219 |
CONFUSION ALERT! There is another Castrum Novum directly opposite on the east coast, founded 289.
| c.264 | MAMERTINES of Messana Sicily ask Rome for help against Carthaginians. Senate hesitates. Consuls throw the question to the comitia centuriata, which votes to send help. | 265 MCAW 265/4 B76 8-382, MWΦ 200 264 B76 VI-824, 15-277, CAH 7.2, Dur 3-43, GHH, LdHR 1-300, OHG |
| c.264 | SENATE, influenced by rich plebs in Central Assembly, reluctantly votes war with Carthage, begins rebuilding fleet (destroyed 253) until 261, appoints consul Ap.(7) CLAUDIUS CAUDEX commander. They copy a captured Carthaginian quinquireme. | 264 Dur 3-44 262 GHH |
| c.264 | Consul Ap.(7) CLAUDIUS CAUDEX sends kinsman C. Claudius to Sicily to assure the Mamertines of rescue, marches army to Rhegium. | 264 Dur 3-44 |
| c.264 | All south Italy comes under Rome. | 266 GHH 264 CAH 7.2-381, IDB 2-478 |
| c.264 | 1st GLADIATOR show at Rome held at the Ludi Funebres in Forum Boarum, sponsored by Marcus and Decimus Junius Brutus for their father's funeral. Gladiator shows are at first confined to public funerals of prominent men - and some women. Etruscans supposedly originated gladiators. | 264 CDCC 377, CDGRA 335, 392, DGRA 715, DGRBM 1-508, 2-153, GHH, HRRP 1-543, LdHR 2-166, OHG, SORH, TToH, bk |
| c.264 | 1st PUNIC WAR begins until 241. Consul Ap.(7) CLAUDIUS CAUDEX, with 2 legions invades Sicily. | 265 MCAW 264 B76 15-1091, BCoC 497, CAH 7.1, CHJ 2, DGRBM, Dur 3-20, 44, GHH, OHG, SORH, TAWH 17, TToH, TTPC, bk, lvG, lvS, wikHR |
| c.264 | Ceramic TILE roofs begin to replace wood shingles. | 264 LdHR 1-467 |
| 263 | CONSULS: Manius Valerius Maximus (soon Messala) and Manius Otacilius CRASSUS, both sent to Sicily | 263 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-882, 2-1049, 3-64, LdHR 1-303, OCD 674, csm, wikCon |
| c.263 | Gn. Fulvius Maximus Centumalus is dictator. | 263 DGRBM 1-667, wikLRD |
| c.263 | Q.(1) Marcius Philippus is magister equitum. | 263 DGRBM 3-285 |
| c.263 | Polybius says a legion has 4,000 men. | 263i-16, DGRA 493 |
| c.263 | SOLARIUM aka HOROLOGIUM (Λ sundial V) brought from Catana Sicily to Rome by consul Manius Valerius Messalla, placed in forum. It is off because Catana is 4 degrees south of Rome. Priests can't figure out why it doesn't work. | 264 CAH 8-484, CDCC 890 263 Dur 3-66, LdHR 1-467 |
| c.263 | AESERNIA Samnium, under Rome from 295, becomes a Latin colony. 3852km, 4,000 adult male settlers. | 264 wikIsr 263 CAH 7.2-381, 391, 405, 8-217, CDCC 219 |
| 262 | CONSULS: L.(2) Postumius MEGELLUS and Q. Mamilius VITULUS, both sent to Sicily. | 262 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 2-1009, 3-1279, csm, wikCon |
| 261 | CONSULS: L.(2) Valerius FLACCUS and Titus Otacilius CRASSUS, both sent to Sicily. | 261 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-882, 2-157, 3-64, csm, wikCon |
| c.261 | Hannibal son of Gisco based on Sardinia repeatedly raids Italian coast. | 261 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 2-332, GHH, SORH 260 DGRBM 1-1091 |
| 260 | CONSULS: Gn.(1) Cornelius SCIPIO ASINA and C. DUILIUS | 260 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-1091, 3-741, OCD 367, csm, wikCon |
| c.260 | MONEY: "AS", 1 lb copper from 338, reduced to 2 ounces until 202, thus eliminating public debt. | 1st Pun War: Dur 3-78 |
| c.260 | 1st Roman FLEET, begun 264, completed, former consul Ap.(7) CLAUDIUS CAUDEX and consul Gn.(1) SCIPIO ASINA are commanders. at least 100 quinqueremes, 20 triremes (some say as much as 330 ships in all) each 150 ft long, 300 rowers, 120 soldiers, with grapling hooks & gangways. Romans with no sailing experience challenge the masters of the Mediterranean. | 261 CAH 7.2, GHH 260 B76 15-277, DGRBM 1-1091, 3-741 no date: Dur 3-44 |
| 260 | C. DUILIUS, after his naval victory over Carthage 260, returns to Rome, has triumph. A single Column (Columna Rostrata) with a statue of him on top is erected in the Forum. The inscription on its base is in Latin similar to that of the 12 ables. Base and column still exist. | 260 CDGRA 192, GHH no date: DGRA 327, DGRBM 1-1091 |
| c.260 | Burying dead bodies within the city is forbidden by senate. | 260 GHH, LdHR 1-469 |
| 259 | CONSULS: L.(3) Cornelius SCIPIO and C. Aquillius FLORUS | 259 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 2-177, 3-741, OCD 961, csm, wikCon |
| c.259 | Consul C. Aquillius FLORUS sent to Sicily until 258. | 259 DGRBM 2-177 |
| c.259 | Consul L.(3) Cornelius SCIPIO sent to Sardinia until 25?. | 259 DGRBM 3-741 |
| 258 | CONSULS: C. Sulpicius PATERCULUS and Aulus Atilius CALATINUS (CAIATINUS) | 258 CAH 7.2-642, DGRBM 1-560, 3-134, OCD 143, csm, wikCon |
| c.258 | Consuls Sulpicius PATERCULUS and Atilius CALATINUS (CAIATINUS) are sent to Sicily. | 258 DGRBM 1-560, 3-134 |
| c.258 | Λ CENSORS V patrician L.(3) Cornelius Scipio; pleb C. Duilius | 258 DGRBM 1-1091, 3-741, OCD 367, 961, csm, wikCon, wikLC |
| 257 | CONSULS: Gn. Cornelius BLASIO (2nd) and C. Atilius REGULUS | 257 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 3-644, 788, csm, wikCon |
| c.257 | Q. Ogulnius Gallus is dictator to conduct the feriae Latinae. | 257 DGRBM 2-228, 709, wikLRD |
| c.257 | M. Laetorius Plancianus is magister equitum. | 257 DGRBM 2-228, 709, wikLRD |
| 256 | CONSULS: L. Manlius VULSO and Q. CAEDICIUS, who dies in office, and is succeeded by suffete M. Atilius Regulus. | 257 LEWH 98 256 B76 VIII-484, CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-532, 3-643, 1285, OCD 911, 1134, csm, wikCon |
| c.256 | Consuls VULSO and REGULUS with 330 ships, sail for Sicily. | 256 B76 15-1091, CAH 7.2, DGRBM 3-643, DGRG 1-242, Dur 3-44, LEWH 99, MCAW, OCD 1134, OHG, wikLRB |
| 256 | By order of the senate, Consul VULSO returns from Africa to Rome with half the army in fall. | 256 B76 15-1091, CAH 7.2, DGRBM 1-501, 3-643, 1285, DGRG 1-242, Dur 3-44, GHH, LEWH 99, MCAW, OCD 1134, OHG, SORH, wikLRB |
| 255 | CONSULS: M.(2) AEMILIUS PAULUS and Ser. Fulvius Paetinus NOBILIOR | 255 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 2-1205, 3-153, csm, wikCon |
| c.255 | Romans learn of defeat of Regulus in Africa, begin 2nd FLEET (300 ships). | 255 DGRBM 2-1205 |
| c.255 | 2nd FLEET (300 ships) built by Romans in 3 months. Wrecked 254 & 3. | 255/4 CAH 7.2 254 DGRBM |
| c.255 | Consuls M.(2) AEMILIUS PAULUS and Ser. Fulvius Paetinus NOBILIOR sail 2nd FLEET (300 ships) to rescue survivors at Aspis fortress in Africa (called Clupea by Romans). | 255 DGRBM 2-1205, 3-153 |
| 254 | CONSULS: Gn.(1) Cornelius SCIPIO ASINA (2nd) and Aulus ATILIUS CALATINUS (Caiatinus) (2nd) | 254 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-560, 3-741, OCD 143, csm, wikCon |
| 254 | Consuls Gn.(1) SCIPIO and CALATINUS pick up the remnants of the old fleet and sail to Messana. | 254 LdHR 1-310 |
| c.254 | Ti. CORUNCANIUS is appointed 1st pleb pontifex maximus. (see Ogulnian Laws 300) | 255-2 CAH 7.2 254 DGRA 940, DGRBM 1-860, HRRP 1-532, wikPM 253 DGRBM, GHH |
| c.254 | Temple of SPES built near the Porta Carmentalis in the Forum Holitorium, a vegetable market near the Tiber, by consul Atilius Calatinus to fulfill a vow made prior to a battle. It will be destroyed by fire and rebuilt several times. Spes is the Roman equivalent of Greek Elpis, a minor goddess of Hope, portrayed as an adolescent girl walking left, holding a flower, and with her other hand holding up the hem of her skirt. The image evolved from Greek korai statues. See 110. | 3[probably a typo]54 DGRBM 3-893 no date: wikAAC, wikSp |
| c.254 | 3rd Roman FLEET built by consuls Gn.(1) Scipio Asina and Calatinus in 3 months: 200 quinqueremes. Rome also trains 80,000 new sailors. Fleet sails to Drepana, which they are unable to take | 254 DGRBM 1-560, GHH, LdHR 1-310 253 DGRBM 1-491, Dur 3-45 |
| 253 | CONSULS: Gn.(1) Servilius CAEPIO and C. Sempronius BLAESUS, both sent to Sicily to join 3rd fleet. | 253 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-491, 533, csm, wikCon |
| c.253 | Λ CENSORS V patrician L.(2) Postumius Megellus, who dies that year, and pleb Decimus Junius Pera | 253 DGRBM 2-1009, 3-185, wikLC |
| c.253 | 400 equites are degraded for insuborination. | 253 HRRP 1-684 |
| 253 | 3rd Roman fleet, 150 ships, sails from Panormus for Italy, wrecked again by another storm off Cape Palinurus Promontory Lucania. Romans give up on sea power, and settle for 60 ships until ?. | 253 B76 15-1091, CAH 7.2, DGRBM 1-491, 533, CAH 7.2, GHH, HRRP 1-483, LdHR 1-310, LEWH 99, MCAW, SORH, bk 252 GHH no date: Dur 3-44 |
| 252 | CONSULS: P. Servilius GEMINUS and C.(1) Aurelius COTTA, both sent to Sicily | 252 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-436, 866, 2-239, csm, wikCon |
| c.252 | Λ CENSORS V patrician Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla and pleb P. Sempronius Sophus Valerius Maximus degrades 400 equites to the rank of aerarians for neglect of duty in Sicily. | 252 DGRBM 2-1050, 3-877, wikLC |
| c.252 | Q.(1) Cassius Longinus is military tribune. | 252 DGRBM 2-798 |
| 252/1 | Roman Λ CENSUS V 297,797 free adult males (Scholars doubt this.) | 252 GHH, MCAW 252/1 CAH 7.2-137, CDCC 179, csun |
| 251 | CONSULS: C. Furius PACILUS and L.(2) Caecilius METELLUS both sent to Sicily | 251 B76 VI-835, CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 2-1056, 3-80, csm, wikCon |
| c.251 | 142 Carthaginian ELEPHANTS from Sicily exhibited in the circus by consul L.(2) Metellus. They are later killed because the Romans don't know what to do with them. | 251 DGRA 1186, ScDGRA 350 |
| c.250 | Proconsul L.(2) Metellus gains a brilliant victory at Panormus. Thinking that the time had come to end the war, Rome builds 200 ships. | 250 DGRBM 3-644 |
| c.250 | 4th Roman FLEET, 200 ships, built. Rome sends the consuls to Sicily with 4 legions. | 250 DGRBM 3-644, GHH |
| 250 | CONSULS: L. Manlius VULSO (2nd) and C. Atilius REGULUS (2nd) sent with 4 legions and 200 ships to Sicily. | 250 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 3-644, 1285, csm, wikCon |
| by 250 | SABINES have received full Roman citizenship and rights. | 290 Dur 3-35 |
| c.250 | TULLIANUM, 1st Roman prison, built on northeast slope of Capitoline Hill. | 290 OCD, TToH |
| c.250 | PONTIFEX MAXIMUS is now elected by special comitia of 17 tribes drawn by lot. | 290 OCD 272 |
| c.250 | All ITALY is now controled by Rome, but not all conquered. | 290 PW 16 |
| c.250 | Iguvine Tablets begin until c.50. 7 bronze tablets, earliest written in Umbrian alphabet; latest in Latin alphabet; all in Umbrian language. Religious inscriptions about acts and rites of the Atiedian Bros, 12 priests of Jupiter with municipal functions at Iguvium. They present early Roman religion, the archaic triad related to Jupiter. | 3-200 wikIT |
| c.250 | 
POMPEIAN GLADIUS gradually replaces the longer, curve edged Spanish gladius as preferred weapon of Roman infantry. Blade length 45-50cm. Sword length 60-65cm. Blade width 5cm. Sword weight 700g (wooden hilt). Pompeian type is often confused with the 1st cen CE spatha which will be longer. |
photo: GNU FDL 3rd cen. wikRMPE no date: wikGl |
| 250 | Roman Λ CENSUS V registers 251,000 adult males. | 250 GHH |
| c.250 | LATIN ALPHABET: The 7th letter - Greek zeta - is dropped because Latin does not require it. G is originated and put in its place. | 290 B76 1-626 |
| c. 250 c. 250 |
Petelian Tablet written in Greek on gold leaf presumably in an Orphic shrine in Petelia south Italy. The soul is represented as asserting its divine nature: "You will find a spring on your left in Hades' halls and by it the cypress with its luminous sheen.
Do not go near this spring or drink its water. You will find another, cold water flowing from Memory's lake; its guardians stand before it. Say: 'I am a child of Earth and starry Heaven, But descended from Heaven; you yourselves know this. I am parched with thirst and dying: quickly, give me the cool water flowing from Memory's lake.' And they will give you water from the sacred spring and then you will join the heroes at their rites. This [. . . . of Memo]ry's: . . . .on the point of death [lacuna] write this [lacuna] the darkness folding [you] within it." (#afterlife)
|
photo Jononmac46 3rd cen sctx, wikPGT |
| c.249 | M. Atilius REGULUS, prisoner of Carthage from 255, allowed to return with Punic envoys to Rome to persuade senate to abandon 1st Punic War, on condition that Regulus will return if senate votes for war. REGILLUS advises senate to reject their offer. Despite pleas from friends & relatives, he returns to Carthage, where he is tortured to death by disputed means. His sons lock Hamilcar and Bostar in a spiked chest and keep them awake until they die. (possibly fiction in Horace's Odes) | 250 DGRBM 3-643, GHH 249 MCAW, OCD 911 no date: Dur 3-45 |
| 249 | CONSULS: patrician P.(2) Claudius PULCHER and L. Junius PULLUS | 249 B76 II-977, CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-768, 1076, 3-604, csm, wikCon |
| c.249 | Consul P.(2) Claudius PULCHER is sent to Sicily to reinforce troops at Lilybaeum. | 249 DGRBM 1-768 |
| c.249 | 4th Roman FLEET wrecked in a storm in reefs of Camarina. Consul L. Junius PULLUS is blamed for his neglect of religious matters. He suicides out. | 249 DGRBM 3-604, GHH, HRRP 1-487-8 |
| c.249 | Consul P.(2) Claudius Pulcher is commanded by the senate to nominate a dictator, and nominates, in scorn, M. Claudius Glicia, who had been his scribe, but who is compelled to resign. Aulus Atilius Calatinus (Caiatinus) is made dictator to carry on the war in Sicily. Calatinus is the 1st dictator to be sent outside of Italy. L.(2) Caecilius Metellus is magister equitum. | 249 DGRBM 1-560, SORH, wikLRD |
| c.249 | LUDI SAECULARES V "Games Secular" 1st clearly attested, though probably held 346. A celebration, involving sacrifices and theater, held for 3 days and nights. | 249 CAH 7.2, CDGRA 395, wikSG |
| 248 | CONSULS: P. Servilius GEMINUS (2nd) and C.(1) Aurelius COTTA (2nd) | 248 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-866, 2-239, csm, wikCon |
| c.248 | Carthaginians under Hamilcar Barca raid Italian coast until 244. | 248 CAH 7.2, GHH 247 GHH, SORH |
| c.247 | Hamilcar Barca lands in Italy until ?. | 247 GHH |
| 247 | CONSULS: Numerius(1) Fabius BUTEO and L.(2) Caecilius METELLUS (2nd) | 247 B76 VI-835, CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-518, 2-1056, csm, wikCon |
| c.247 | Λ CENSORS V patrician Aulus(1) Manlius Torquatus Atticus; pleb Aulus Atilius Calatinus (Caiatinus) | 247 DGRBM 3-1164, OCD 143, wikLC |
| c.247 | ALSIUM (Aesulum) on coast of Etruria northwest of Rome becomes Roman colony. | 247 CAH 7.2, SORH, wikAls 246 DGRG 1-56 245 DGRG 1-112 |
| 247/6 | Λ CENSUS V registers 241,212 adult males. | 251,222 in 247 DGRBM, GHH 247/6 CAH 7.2-137, CDCC 179, csun |
| 246 | CONSULS: M. Fabius LICINIUS and Manius Otacilius CRASSUS (2nd) | 246 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-882, wikCon |
| 246 | CLAUDIA, 1 of the 5 daus of Ap.(6) Claudius Caecus, returning home from the games in a dense crowd, says that she wishes her bro Publius were alive, that he might launch a fleet and remove some of the people. She is fined by the pleb aediles. | 246 DGRBM 1-761 |
| c.246 | Consul Manius Otacilius CRASSUS continues the Mediterranean war with Carthage, but accomplishes nothing noteworthy. | 246 DGRBM 1-882 |
| c.246 | C. Fundanius Fundulus is pleb aedile. | 246 DGRBM 2-189 |
| c.246 | T. Coruncanius is appointed dictator to hold elections, so as not to have to recall either of the consuls from Sicily. | 246 DGRBM 1-860, wikLRD |
| c.246 | M.(1) Fulvius Flaccus is magister equitum. | 246 DGRBM |
| 245 | CONSULS: patrician M.(1) Fabius BUTEO and C. Atilius BULBUS | 245 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-517, 518, OCD 427, csm, wikCon |
| c.245 | FREGENAE, on coast of Etruria just south of Alsium, becomes Roman colony. | 245 CAH 7.2, DGRG 1-914, SORH, wikFrg |
| 244 | CONSULS: Aulus(1) Manlius TORQUATUS and C. Sempronius BLAESUS (2nd) | 244 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-491, 3-1164, csm, wikCon |
| c.244 | MONEY V: 75 silver denarii = 1 lb. | 244 HRRP 1-498 |
| c.244 | BRUNDISIUM, under Rome from 267, founded as a Roman colony. | 246 B76 II-447 244 CAH 7.2, CDCC 149, DGRBM 1-491, DGRG 1-445, LdHR 1-282, OCD 182, SORH |
| 243 | CONSULS: C.(1) Sulpicius GALLUS and C. Fundanius FUNDULUS | 243 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 2-189, 228, csm, wikCon |
| c.243 | L.(2) Caecilius METELLUS elected pontifex maximus. Holds office 22 years. | 243 DGRBM 2-1056, OCD 677, wikPM |
| c.243 | Consul C. Fundanius FUNDULUS is sent to Sicily. | 243 DGRBM 2-189 |
| 242 | CONSULS: A. Postumius ALBINUS and C.(1) Lutatius CATULUS. Albinus, who is also priest of Mars, is forbidden to leave Rome by the pontifex maximus. | 242 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-91, 653, 2-135, 843, OCD 217, csm, wikCon |
| c.242 | 5th Roman FLEET, built. | 242 GHH |
| c.242 | PRAETORS: 3 in number from 366, increased to 4 until 227. PRAETOR PEREGRINUS "judge foreign" created to arbitrate disputes with and between peregrini (non-citizens), rather than let the nobles judge them. | 246 CDGRA 513, DGRA 956 243 SORH 242 CAH 7.2, MCAW, OCD 584, 873, unrv 234 HRRP 1-563 227 DGRBM 2-157, GHH |
| 241 | CONSULS: Q. Lutatius CERCO and Aulus(1) Manlius TORQUATUS (2nd) | 241 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-672, 3-1164, csm, wikCon |
| c.241 | Λ CENSORS V patrician M.(1) Fabius Buteo; pleb C.(1) Aurelius Cotta | 241 DGRBM 1-519, OCD 427, wikLC |
| c.241 | COMITIA CENTURIATA, revised 450, reorganized again by censors Buteo and Cotta to give more weight to lower ranking centuries. Increased from 193 centuries to 373. The 35 Tribes are each divided into 10 centuries - 5 of older soldiers, and 5 of younger soldiers. Of each of the 5 centuries, one is assigned to one of the 5 classes based on property ownership. Not changed again until the fall of the Republic. | 241 wikCA |
| c.241 | Λ MONEY: 84 silver denarii = 1 lb. | 241 HRRP 1-498 |
| c.241 | TIBER overflows, damages Rome. | 241 DGRG 2-1198 |
| c.241 | Proconsul C.(1) Lutatius Catulus argues with praetor Q. Valerius over who has the right to a triumph. Aulus Atilius Calatinus (Caiatinus) is appointed arbitrator, and chooses Catulus, who triumphs. | 241 DGRBM 1-560 |
| c.241 | TEMPLE of VESTA (see 390) catches fire. Pontifex maximus L.(2) Caecilius Metellus rescues the Palladium (wooden statue of Pallas Athene), but is blinded by the flames. He is given a statue in the Capitol and the unprecedented privilege of riding to the senate-house in a carriage. Rebuilt (see 210) and burnt again 64CE. | 241 DGRBM 2-1056, dfr |
| c.241 | FALERII Etruria, Sabine city under Etruscan domination, cult center of Minerva, at peace with Rome from 293, rebels, taken by consul A.(1) Torquatus in 6 days and destroyed. Faliscans are forced to abandon this strong position, and settle on a site of easy access. | 250 GHH 241 B76 IV-37, 15-1033, CAH 7.2-383, DGRBM 3-1164, DGRG 1-891, NLEM 207, SORH |
| c.241 | 1st PUNIC WAR from 264 ends. Catulus negotiates peace with Hamilcar. Carthaginians to evacuate Sicily, agree to keep warships out of Roman waters, 440 talents annual indemnity for 10 years, drop restrictions on Roman trade. 2nd 218 | 241 B76 15-1091, BCoC 498, CHJ 2, Dur 3-20, 45, GHH, LEWH 99, MCAW, TToH, bk, lvG, wikHR |
| c.241 | Territory of Rome, 17 districts (tribus rusticae) in 495, now contains 31 districts. | by 241 CDCC 907, lvR |
| c.241 | DROUGHT begins in Rome until 238. | 241 wikFl |
| c.241 | Roman TRIBES, 33 from 299, increased to 35 by addition of rural tribes QUIRINA and VELINA. New citizens are henceforth enrolled in existing tribes. Urban: Collina, Esquilina, Palatina, Suburana. Rural: Aemilia, Aniensis, Arnensis, Camilia, Claudia, Clustumina, Cornelia, Fabia, Falerna, Galeria, Horatia, Lemonia, Maecia, Menenia, Oufentia, Papiria, Poblilia, Pollia, Pomptina, Pupina, Quirina, Romilia, Sabatina, Scaptia, Sergia, Stellatina, Teretina, Tromentina, Velina, Voltina, Voturia. 2 of the tribes are unclear; the 35th tribe is listed as both Succusana and Pupinia. This number is never increased or decreased. New people are added to existing tribes. |
242 wikLRT 241 CAH 7.2-402, CDCC 907, CDGRA 648, DGRA 267, 1156, HRRP 1-498, LdHR 1- 455, LEWH 99, SORH |
| c.241 | CLIVUS (street on a hill) PUBLICIUS constructed and paved by curule aediles L. and M. Publicius Malleolus from forum Boarium southerly across the Aventine. | 241 CAH 7.2 238 pnlp |
| c.241 | Temple of FLORA on slope of Quirinal hill begun until 238. | 241 CAH 7.2 |
| c.241 | Temple of IUTURNA and NYMPHS dedicated. | 241 CAH 7.2 |
| c.241 | 
VIA AURELIA built by censor C. Aurelius Cotta north from Rome along the west coast to Pisa, where it stops until ??, then to Genoa and Antibes (Antipolis) on the coast of Gaul just west of Genoa. |
241 CAH 7.2, 8-484, Dur 3-78, wikA |
| c.241 | SPOLETIUM Umbria becomes Latin colony. | 241 CAH 7.2, SORH 240 DGRBM, GHH |
| 241/0 | Roman Λ CENSUS V registers 260,000 adult males. | 251,000 in 241 DGRBM 241/0 CAH 7.2-137, CDCC 179, csun |
| 240 | CONSULS: C.(3) Claudius CENTO and pleb M.(1) Sempronius TUDITANUS | 240 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-666, 768, 3-1181, csm, wikCon |
| c.240 | M. and L. Publicius Malleolus are aediles. (What kind is disputed.). | 240 DGRBM 2-908 |
| c.240 | Lex Hieronica Frumentaria : Adaption of traditional law by king Hiero of Syracuse, regulates Roman taxation (including grain) of Sicily. | 240 invf, unrv, wikLRL |
| c.240 | Λ Sibylline Books V are consulted, as to what to do about the drought, and the Ludi Florae are instituted. | 240-38 wikSB |
| c.240 | Roman LITERATURE begins as LIVIUS ANDRONICUS translates 1st Greek play into Latin to celebrate victory over Carthage. He produces, directs, and acts main parts, sings the lines until his voice gives out, then has others sing them. | 241 LEWH 103 240 B76 10-1095, 18-220, CAH 7.2, CDCC 285, CDGRA 203, DGRBM 1-175, Dur 3-20, 74, GHH, HRRP 1-532, MCAW, OCD 265, OHG, SORH, TToH, bk |
| c.240 | Homer's Odyssey translated into Latin by Livius Andronicus. | 240 MCAW, OCD 167 |
| c.240 | 
VIA AMERINA breaks off from a road that will later be called Via Cassia near Baccanae, and goes north thru Nepete, Falerii, Tuder, and Perusia, rejoining the future Via Cassia at Clusium. |
240 CAH 8-484 no date: DGRG 2-1288, wikVC |
| c.240 | Low class Helenistic culture and values in Sicily are imported to puritannical Rome. | 240 MCAW |
| c.240 | LUDI SCAENICI "games of stage", in Rome from 364, improved by Livius Andronicus with a revolutionary new idea - a PLOT. Both tragedies and comedies are presented. Senate is so impressed that it adds plays to the Ludi Romani and permits poets to incorporate and hold meetings in the temple of Minerva. | 240 DGRA 346 |
| c.240 | LUDI "games" ROMANI, a religious festival in honor of Jupiter (3 days 494-191) in Sept., now includes dramatics. | 240 CDCC 285 |
| 239 | CONSULS: Q. Valerius FALTO and C. Mamilius TURRINUS | 239 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 2-135, wikCon |
| 238 | CONSULS: P. Valerius FALTO and Ti.(1) Sempronius GRACCHUS, both sent to Corsica-Sardinia. | 238 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 2-135, 287, csm, wikCon |
| c.238 | Consul Ti.(1) Sempronius GRACCHUS defeats Ligurians before going to Sardinia. | 238 SORH, wikRGG |
| c.238 | Rome makes overtures to Ptolemy-III Euergetes, natural ally against Macedonia and Syria. | 238 SORH |
| c.238 | Temple of FLORA, begun 241 on slope of Quirinal hill, dedicated. LUDI FLORAE established: festival in honor of Flora or Chloris, goddess of spring. Her festival of Floralia is celebrated sporadically until 173. | 238 CAH 7.2, CDGRA 312, DGRBM, HRRP 1-540, pnlp |
| c.238 | DROUGHT in Rome from 241 ends - which means the Sibylline Books were right, and the gods were pleased with the Ludi Florae. | 238 wikFl |
| c.238 | Many Sardinians are brought to Rome and sold as slaves. They make lousy slaves. | 238 B76 13-149, 15-278, 1091, 16-245, CAH 7.2, 8-44, DGRA 715, DGRG 1-542, GHH, LEWH 99, MWΦ 210, OCD 298, TToH, bk, rcSI 237 OHG |
| c.238 | LIGURIA resists Rome. Romans campaign in Liguria until 230. | 238 CAH 7.2, SORH |
| c.238 | Romans occupy land of previous Senones, which alarms the BOII, who have abided by their treaty of 282, but now resist. Romans campaign against BOII of northeast Italy until 236. | 238 CAH 7.2, DGRG 1-416, HRRP 1-510, SORH |
| c.238 | GAULS, at peace with Rome from 283, resume war until 236. | 238 SORH |
| c.238 | ARIMINUM on coast of Picenum, Latin colony from 268, attacked by the Boii. | 238 HRRP 1-510 |
| c.238 | P. VALERIUS is defeated by Boii and other Gauls, then conquers them. | 238 SORH, wikRGG |
| 237 | CONSULS: L.(4) Cornelius Lentulus CAUDINUS and Q.(1) Fulvius FLACCUS | 237 CAH 7.2-643, 8, DGRBM 2-153, 729, OCD 440, csm, wikCon |
| c.237 | L.(4) Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus is pontifex maximus. | 237 wikPM |
| c.237 | Rome, with no pretense of justification, forces Carthage to surrender SARDINIA, and pay an extra 1,200 talents indemnity. | 237 CAH 8-24, 27, Dur 3-46 |
| c.237 | War continues against the Boii. | 237 DGRBM |
| c.237 | LIGURIANS defeated by consuls. | 237 DGRBM 2-153, 729 |
| 236 | CONSULS: P.(1) Cornelius Lentulus CAUDINUS and C. Licinius VARUS | 236 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 2-729, 3-1230, csm, wikCon |
| c.236 | Λ CENSORS V patrician L.(4) Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; pleb Q. Lutatius Cerco | 236 DGRBM, wikLC |
| c.236 | Consul C. Licinius VARUS is sent to Corsica. M. Claudius Glicia is his legate. Romans campaign in Corsica until 231. | 236 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 1-616, 2-276 |
| c.236 | Transalpine Gauls, invited by the Boii, cross the Alps into Cisalpine Gaul. They camp by Ariminum. Discord breaks out with the Boii, and the Transalpine Gauls return home. | 236 DGRBM GHH, SORH |
| c.236 | BOII, at war with Romans from 238, are forced to make peace and cede land. | 236 SORH, hifiCT |
| c.236 | Atis and Galatus, co-kings of the Boii in north Italy, killed by their people. | 236 hifiBo |
| c.236 | Romans resume war with Liguria. | 236 CAH 7.2, DGRBM, GHH |
| 235 | CONSULS: T.(4) Manlius TORQUATUS and C. Atilius BULBUS (2nd) | 235 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-517, 3-1164, csm, wikCon |
| c.235 | Consul T.(4) Manlius TORQUATUS is sent to Sardinia. | 235 DGRBM 3-1164 |
| c.235 | Gn. NAEVIUS, plebian X-soldier from Campania, produces 1st play. Satyrizes Roman political abuses. Jailed, but becomes Romes 1st poet. | 236 OHG 235 B76 18-220, CAH 7.2, CDGRA 641, DGRBM 2-1136, Dur 3-20, 74, wikGN 231 SORH |
| c.235 | 
MONEY: AS coin introduced. Plural: asses, occasionally assarius (plural: assarii). Left: head of Janus; right: prow of a galley. First bronze, replaced by copper 23. |
photo: GNU FDL 235 wikAG 240-25 wikAs 225-17 wikRRC |
| c.235 | SCHOOL TEACHERS in Rome, living on donations from ?, PAID by govt. in a new elementary school opened by Spurius Carvilius Maximus. | 235 OCD 210 |
| c.235 | GATES of the TEMPLE OF JANUS, opened by Tullus Hostilius 670, closed by consul T.(4) Torquatus. 1st recorded closing since the reign of Numa 700. This indicates that Rome is at peace with all nations. They remain closed until 229. | 235 DGRBM 1-517, GHH, LdHR 1-323, LEWH 99, MCAW, wikTJ |
| 234 | CONSULS: L. Postumius ALBINUS and Sp. Carvilius MAXIMUS. | 234 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-91, 2-987, csm, wikCon, wikLPA |
| c.234 | Consul Sp. Carvilius MAXIMUS sent to Corsica. | 234 DGRBM 2-987 |
| c.234 | Λ CENSORS V patrician Aulus Postumius Albinus and pleb C. Atilius Bulbus | 234 DGRBM 1-91, 517, wikLC |
| 234 | Celtic land of PICENUM partitioned by Romans, causing resentment among its neighbors, the Boii and Insubres. | 234 wikBT |
| c.234/3 | Roman Λ CENSUS V registers 270,212 adult males. | 234 Dur 3-81 234/3 CAH 7.2-137, CDCC 179, csun |
| 233 | CONSULS: Q.(4) Fabius Maximus Verrucosus and Manius Pomponius MATHO This particular Q. Fabius Maximus has several cognomens: Verrucosus - from a wart on his upper lip, Ovicula "lamb" - from his mild manner, and finally Cunctator "delayer" -from his caution in battle. |
233 B76 IV-20, CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 2-972, 993, OCD 427, wikCon |
| c.233 | Consul Q.(4) Fabius Maximus Verrucosus is sent to Liguria. | 233 DGRBM 2-993 |
| c.233 | Consul Manius Pomponius MATHO is sent to Sardinia. | 233 DGRBM 2-972 |
| c.233 | Consul Q.(4) Fabius Maximus Verrucosus triumphs over LIGURIANS, vows to build a temple to Honos. | 233 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 2-993, OCD 423, wikRGG |
| c.233 | Λ DIVORCE V (allowed for adultery by 12 Tables 449, but never done): Sp. Carvilius Ruga repudiates his sterile wife, swears before censors that his only reason is to populate the Republic. Causes much indignation according to Valerius Maximus. 3,000 prosecutions enrolled in a few weeks. | 233 HRRP 1-551 231 GHH |
| 232 | CONSULS: M.(2) Aemilius LEPIDUS and M. Publicius MALLEOLUS, both sent to Sardinia. | 232 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 2-762, 908, 3-600, csm, wikCon |
| c.232 | Lex Flaminia Agraria by pleb tribune C.(1) Flaminius: Grants Ager Gallicus (new won land from Senone Gauls 283 in Picenum) to Roman poor. Senate resists violently, but futilly. Law increases resentment of Italian Celts. | 233 CDGRA 14 232 B76 IV-171, 15-1097, CAH 7.2-381, 8-69, 9-65, CDCC 351, DGRBM 2-166, DGRG 1-938, Dur 3-47, GHH, MCAW, OCD 977, SORH, hifiBo, invf, wikBT 232 or 228 DGRA 690, unrv |
| 231 | CONSULS: patrician C. Papirius MASO and M. Pomponius MATHO | 231 CAH 7.2-643, 8, DGRBM 2-970, 972, csm, wikCon |
| 231 | From now to 225, the Boii and Insubres, send call for assistance from tribes around the Alps and on the Rhone. Rather than tribes sending warriors, individual mercenaries are hired from the Alpine region. Polybius calls them Gaesatae, meaning "serving for hire". They come with their own kings, Concolitanus and Aneroetes, who have probably been elected. | 231 hifiBo, hifiTtn |
| c.231 | Λ CENSORS V patrician T.(4) Manlius Torquatus; pleb Q.(1) Fulvius Flaccus Torquatus; is obliged to resign thru some unfavorable glitch in the auspices. | 231 DGRBM 3-1164, wikLC |
| c.231 | Senate permits HAMILCAR to conquer SPAIN because Rome is harassed with class strife, expanding in Adriatic, and fighting Gauls. | 231 Dur 3-47 |
| c.231 | ROMAN ENVOYS sent to Hamilcar Barca in Spain. | 231 CAH 7.2, 8-24 |
| c.231 | C. DUILIUS is dictator to hold elections. | 231 DGRBM 1-1091, OCD 367, wikLRD |
| c.231 | Consul C. Pomponius MASO subdues Corsica/Sardinia and returns to Rome. Senate denies him a triumph, so he has one on Mount Alban. | 231 DGRBM 2-970 |
| 230 | CONSULS: M. Aemilius BARBULA and M. Junius PERA | 230 CAH 7.2-643, DGRBM 1-462, 3-185, csm, wikCon |
| c.230 | Gn.(1) Octavius Rufus, earliest of the known Octavii, is quaestor. | 230 DGRBM 3-6 |
| c.230 | Transalpine Celts cross Alps into Italy. The BOII of Cisalpine Gaul repell them. Rome sends an army, but finds that it is not needed. | 230 wikBT |
| c.230 | Consuls BARBULA and PERA campaign against Ligurians. | 230 DGRBM 1-462, SORH, wikRGG |
| c.230 | Λ CENSORS V patrician Q.(4) Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; pleb M.(1) Sempronius Tuditanus | 230 B76 IV-20, DGRBM 2-993, 3-1181, OCD 427, wikFM, wikLC |
| c.230 | COMITIA CENTURIATA, re-established by c.450, reformed. Votes of the 5 classes are equalized. The 35 tribes are divided according to property into centuries. Equites lose their precedence. Freedmen are equal to freeborn. |
241 CDGRA 199, SORH 230 CAH 7.2 |
| c.230 | 1st recorded Λ DIVORCE in Roman history. Sp. Carvilius Maximus Ruga divorces his wife on grounds of infertility. | 268 Dur 3-69 231 DGRBM, LdHR 1- 456 230 CAH 8-431, wikMAR |
| c.230 | BRUNDISIUM is base for Roman fleet. | 229 DGRG 1-445 |
| c.230 | ROME war on ILLYRIAN PIRATES. Intervenes in Illyria until 228. | 230 Dur 3-20, bk 229 GHH, wikTt |
| c.230 | Gn. NAEVIUS, originator of historical fiction plays, proponent of Romulus & Remus legend, flourishes. Wrote Bellum Poenicium , a chronicle of 1st Punic War. Dies 204, 202, or 199. |
235 GHH no date: B76 VII-161 |
| 229 | CONSULS: L. Postumius ALBINUS (2nd) and Gn. Fulvius CENTUMALUS | 229 CAH 7.2-643, 8, DGRBM 1-91, 667, csm, wikCon, wikLPA |
| c.229 | 1st ROME / ILLYRIA WAR begins until 228. | 229 B76 15-1091, LEWH 99, OCD 928, DGRBM |
| c.229 | GATES of the TEMPLE OF JANUS, closed from 235, opened, indicating Rome is no longer at peace with all nations. 2nd recorded closing since the reign of Numa 700. They remain open until 29. | no date: wikTJ |
| c.229 | Consul Gn. Fulvius CENTUMALUS with 200 ships sails for Corcyra, in east until later 229. | Polybius Histories 2:11 |
| c.229 | Consul L. Postumius ALBINUS with 20,000 inf, 2,000 cav, leaves Italy by land for Illyria. | Polybius Histories 2-11 229 DGRBM 1-91 |
| c.229 | Consul Gn. Fulvius CENTUMALUS leaves 40 ships at Epidamnus and returns to Italy. | Polybius Histories 2:11 229 atl3 |
| 228 | CONSULS: Q.(4) Fabius Maximus VERRUCOSUS (2nd) and Sp. CARVILIUS MAXIMUS (2nd) | 228 B76 IV-20, CAH 7.2-643, 8, DGRBM 2-993, OCD 427, DGRBM 2-987, csm, wikCon |
| c.228 | 1st Roman embassy to Greece sails to Aetolia. | 228 GHH, SORH |
| c.228 | 1st ROME / ILLYRIA WAR from 229 ends. Illyrians withdraw from conquests. Romans, in Illyria from 230, mostly withdraw, but still occupy part of Illyrian coast. 2nd 220. | 229 B76 15-1091 228 B76 8-383, CAH 7.2, OCD 928, OHG, bk, wikIW |
| 227 | CONSULS: P.(1) Valerius FLACCUS and M. Atilius REGULUS | 227 CAH 7.2-643, 8, DGRBM 2-157, 3-644, csm, wikCon |
| c.227 | PRAETORS, handling judicial duties in Rome: 4 in number from 242, increased to 6 until 197. 2 more created to handle Sicily and Corsica/Sardinia. Sicily is 1st province not to be ruled by a consul. | 227 CAH 7.2, CDGRA 206, DGRA 956, GHH, HRRP 1-506, MCAW, OCD 873 2 to 4: B76 15-1095-6, DGRBM, SORH 197 GHH |
| c.227 | Pleb C.(1) Flaminius is made praetor and proposes an agrarian law before he is made 1st praetor of Sicily. | 227 B76 IV-171, DGRBM 2-166-7, 993 |
| 226 | CONSULS: M.(1) Valerius MESSALLA and L. Apustius FULLO | 226 CAH 7.2-643, 8, DGRBM 2-187, 1050, csm, wikCon |
| c.226 | M. Claudius Marcellus (also augur this year) and C. Scantilius Capitolinus are curule aediles. Marcellus sues Capitolinus for insulting Marcellus' son. Capitolinus is convicted and fined. | 226 DGRBM 2-927, 3-734 |
| c.226 | The VENETI of Padovia ally with Romans against Boii and Insubres. | 226 wikPd 225 DGRG 1-584 |
| c.226 | Rome, at brink of war with Cisalpine Gauls, makes treaty with HASDRUBAL, general of Spain, that he will not go north of Ebro River. This treaty is never ratified by Carthage. | 228 DGRBM, GHH 227 HRRP 1-528 227/6 CAH 8-27 226 B76 15-1091, CAH 7.2, 8-25, 28, Dur 3-47, MCAW, MWΦ 235, bk |
| c.226/5 | GAULS, including Gaesatae under Aneroest cross Alps into the Po valley, having a variety of armor. The Boii, Insubres, and Taurini accompany them, but the Cenomani and Veneti are persuaded to side with Rome, forcing the Gauls to detach a force to guard their flank. Main force is 170,000 men. | 226 GHH, MCAW, SORH 225 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 1-177, hifiBo, hifiCT, hifiGst, wikBT |
| 225 | CONSULS: L.(1) Aemilius PAPUS and C. Atilius REGULUS | 225 CAH 7.2-643, 8, DGRBM 3-120, 644, csm, wikCon |
| c.225 | ΛCENSORS V patrician C.(3) Claudius Cento; pleb M. Junius Pera | 225 DGRBM 3-185, wikLC |
| c.225 | Consul C. Atilius REGULUS sent against Sardinians, who had rebelled, and whom he quickly subdues, and returns to Rome. | 225 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 3-645 |
| c.225 | Cisalpine Gaul tribes: BOII, TAURINI, INSUBRES, supported by the newly arrived GAESATAE under Aneroest from beyond the Alps (50,000 inf, 20,000 cav under command of Concolitan, Aneroest, and Britomar), move south from Po valley into Etruria. | 225 B76 15-1091, CDCC 351, DGRBM, DGRG 1-416, 938, Dur 3-47, HRRP 1-514, LEWH 99 |
| c.225 | 70,000 Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, Campanians and Romans join forces to meet the 170,000 Gauls. | 225 wikBF |
| c.225 | Consul C. Atilius Regulus recalled from Sardinia to fight Gauls. | 225 wikBF |
| c.225 | Consul L. Aemilius Papus with a full consular army, marches to Ariminum, to guard the east coast route. Another army, of Sabines and Etruscans, commanded by an unknown praetor, advance into Etruria. | 225 wikBF, wikRGG |
| c.225 | ARIMINUM on coast of Picenum occupied by L.(1) Aemilius Papus. | 225 DGRBM 3-120, DGRG 1-213 |
| c.225 | Gauls, wanting to avoid Consul L.(1) Papus, march quickly thru the Apennines, into Etruria, pass unopposed as far as Clevsin (Clusium), plundering and burning as they go. | 225 SORH, wikBF |
| c.225 | Gauls ambush and defeat the Sabine / Etruscan army which is rescued by arrival of L.(1) Aemilius Papus from Ariminum. | 225 wikBF, wikLRB |
| c.225 | Gauls defeat and rout L.(1) Aemilius Papus marching from Clevsin (Clusium) towards Faesulae Liguria. | 225 CAH 7.2, DGRBM 1-177, DGRG 1-889, SORH, hifiBo, wikBF, wikLRB |
| c.225 | Consul C. Atilius Regulus and his Sardinian legion lands at Pisa Tuscany. Gauls are now caught between 2 Roman armies. | 225 hifiBo |
| c.225 | ANEROEST chief of Gaesati Gauls returning north, intercepted by consul C. Atilius Regulus near Pisa Tuscany. Aneroest is defeated, kills his devoted band then stabs himself. | 225 DGRBM 1-177, HRRP 1-514, hifiBo |
| c.225 | SENATE resorts to human sacrifice to appease gods. Gauls buried alive in the forum. | 225 Dur 3-47 |
| c.225 | The TAURISCI (Norici) of the upper Save, led by Gaesatae kings Concolitanus and Aneroëstes caught between L.(1) Aemilius Papus and C. Atilius Regulus at TELAMON on west coast of Etruria north of Cosa. 40,000 Gauls killed, 10,000 enslaved. | 225 B76 15-1091, CAH 7.2, 8, GHH, LEWH 99, MCAW, OCD 928, SORH, TToH, bk, wikBT, wikRGG 224 wikLRB, wikTrs no date: Dur 3-47 |
| c.225 | Consul C. Atilius Regulus killed in battle at Telamon. | 225 DGRBM, GHH, hifiBo, wikRGG |
| c.225 | The CENOMANI of Lake Garda become subject/allies of Rome, help Romans against Boii and Insubres. | 225 B76 7-960, DGRG 1-584, OCD 219 |
| 225 | BRIXIA, capital of the Cenomani Gauls, comes under Rome. See 200. | 225 hifiCn, wikBrs |
| c.225 | After Telamon the Boii leave a vacuum on the north Italian Adriatic coast. The TAURISCI of the upper Sava river fill it. | 225 wikTrs |
| c.225 | The CENOMANI and VENETI send 20,000 troops to threaten the east flank of the Insubres. | 225 DGRG 1-584 |
| c.225 | VIA MINUCIA (location unknown) begun. | 225 CAH 7.2 |
| c.225 | Roman citizen troops account for 40% of the combined Roman and Italian army, but Roman citizens represent only about 27% of the total population of peninsular Italy. Allied population of Italy includes 360,000 men of military age whom the Romans could mobilize if necessary. Of troops actually under arms, allies outnumber Romans 3 to 2. | 225 CAH 7.2-386, 389 |
| 224 | CONSULS: T.(4) Manlius TORQUATUS (2nd) and Q.(1) Fulvius FLACCUS (2nd) | 224 CAH 7.2-643, 8, DGRBM 2-153, 3-1164, OCD 440, csm, wikCon |
| c.224 | Both consuls try to clear Gauls out of Po valley. | 224 hifiBo, hifiCT |
| c.224 | BOII Gauls temporarily subdued by consul Q.(1) Fulvius FLACCUS until 218. Flaccus is prevented from pursuing by a plague in his army. | 224 CAH 7.2, DGRBM, GHH, LdHR 1-327, OCD 440, SORH |
| c.224 | Other Gauls subdued by consul T.(4) TORQUATUS. | 224 DGRBM 3-1164 |
| c.224 | MUTINA, Gaul stronghold delivered to Romans. | 224 HRRP 1-514-5 |
| c.224 | Pontifex maximus L.(2) CAECILIUS METELLUS is dictator to hold elections. | 224 DGRBM 2-1056, OCD 677, wikLRD |
| c.224 | Numerius(1) Fabius BUTEO is magister equitum. | 224 DGRBM 1-518 |
| c.224 | T. Maccius PLAUTUS, age 30, begins carreer as comic poet. | 224 DGRBM 3-408 |
| c.223 | It is not known what month consuls entered office from 329. They now begin entering on the ides (15th) of March until 153. | 223 DGRA 353 |
| 223 Mar. | CONSULS: P. Furius PHILUS and pleb C.(1) FLAMINIUS | 223 B76 IV-171, CAH 7.2-643, 8, CDCC 351, DGRBM 2-167, 3-335, LdHR 1-327, OCD 441, csm, wikCon |
| c.223 | Both consuls lead 2 more legions to the Po valley. They march thru the land of the Anamares near Placentia, secure the friendship of the Anamares, and cross into Insubres land, near the confluence of the Adua and Po. | 223 hifiBo, hifiCT |
| c.223 | Aristocratic enemies of consul C.(1) Flaminius declare consular elections invalid because of some fault in the auspices, send a letter recalling both consuls, who wisely leave it unopened until after battle. | 223 DGRBM 2-167 |
| c.223 | Consul C.(1) FLAMINIUS is 1st to lead a Roman army across the Po (Padus) River, disregarding a senatorial order to return to Rome. | 223 B76 IV-171, DGRBM, DGRG 1-938, HRRP 1-515, LdHR 1-327, OCD 441 |
| c.223 | Consul C.(1) FLAMINIUS, aided by the Cenomani, ravages Insubres land. | 223 SORH |
| c.223 | INSUBRES defeated by consul C.(1) Flaminius at Clusius river. 8,000 killed, 10,000 captured. | 223 B76 IV-171, CAH 7.2, 8, DGRBM, DGRG 1-938, GHH, HRRP 1-516, hifiCT, wikRGG |
| c.223 | Consuls Flaminius and Furius open the senate's letter . Furius obeys, and returns to Rome. Flaminius continues the campaign. | 223 DGRBM 2-167 |
| c.223 | Consul C.(1) Flaminius returns to Rome, is charged with disobedience by the senate, but saved by popular support. | 223 DGRBM 2-167, wikRGG |
| 222 Mar. | MARCH 15 only now becomes beginning of consular year until 154. | 222 CAH 8 |
| 222 Mar. | CONSULS: Gn.(2) Cornelius SCIPIO CALVUS and M. Claudius MARCELLUS | 222 B76 VI-601, CAH 7.2-644, 8, CDCC 552, OCD 646, 961, DGRBM 2-927, 3-743, csm, wikCon |
 |
| c.222 | Boii and Insubres ask to make peace with Rome. Consuls refuse. Gauls call in 30,000 Getae (Gaesatae) from beyond the Alps. Consuls invade Po valley. Calvus besieges Acerrae. | 223 HRRP 1-516, SORH 222 DGRBM 2-927-8 |
| c.222 | 10,000 Gauls cross Po river, besiege Clastidium. | 222 DGRBM 2-928 |
| c.222 | GETAE defeated at Clastidium in Cisalpine Gaul by consul M. Claudius MARCELLUS, who relieves Clastidium, kills Getae chief VIRIDOMARUS in single combat. Marcellus then joins Calvus at siege of Acerrae. | 222 B76 V-372, CAH 7.2, 8, DGRBM 2-928, DGRG 1-630, GHH, LEWH 99, OCD 245, 646, SORH, bk, hifiIn, wikLRB, wikRGG |
| c.222 | GETAE (Gaesatae) retreat to Mediolanum. | 222 hifiCT |
| c.222 | INSUBRES defeated by consul Gn.(2) SCIPIO CALVUS, pacified until 218. | 222 Dur 3-20, GHH, OCD 961 |
| c.222 | MEDIOLANUM, chief town of Gallic Insubres from 396, taken by consuls CALVUS and MARCELLUS, under Rome until 396CE. | 222 CAH 7.2, DGRG 2-303, 939, Dur 3-20, MCAW, OCD 961, TToH, TTPC, rcNI, wikRGG |
| c.222 | PADOVIA, chief city of Illyrian Venetii from ?, comes under Rome until 396CE, named PATAVIUM V. | 222 rcNI |
| c.222 | LIGURIA subdued by Romans. | 222 GHH |
| c.222 | CISALPINE GAUL subdued by Romans. | 222 Dur 3-20, OCD 961, SORH, TToH |
| c.222 | RAVENNA, a city of obscure origin, comes under Rome until 396CE. | 222 rcRm, britR |
| 221 Mar. | CONSULS: P.(4) Cornelius SCIPIO ASINA and M.(1) MINUCIUS RUFUS | 221 CAH 7.2-644, 8, CDCC 584, DGRBM 3-674, 741, wikCon |
| c.221 | Q.(4) FABIUS MAXIMUS Verrucosus becomes dictator thru 220. | 221 DGRBM 2-993, OCD 427, wikFM, wikLRD |
| No, it's M. Minucius RUFUS. | 221 DGRBM 2-167 |
| c.221 | C.(1) Flaminius is magister equitum. | 221 DGRBM 2-167 |
| c.221 | L.(2) Caecilius METELLUS, pontifex maximus 243, dies. Son Quintus(1) is main heir, with bros Lucius(3) and Marcus(1). | 221 B76 VI-835, CAH 8-204, OCD 677 |
| c.221 | VIA FLAMINIA from Tibur thru Etruria and Umbria begun by censor C.(1) FLAMINIUS. Finished 220. | 221 DGRG 1-213, OCD 200, 242 220 B76 IV-171, CAH 7.2, 8-484, CDCC 351, DGRBM 2-167, Dur 3-78, GHH, LdHR 1-329, MCAW, OCD 441, TToH, TTPC, wikHR |
| c.221 | LUDI PLEBEI (plebean games) established. | 221 CAH 8 220 CAH 8-428 |
| c.221 | Roman envoys sent to warn HANNIBAL off Saguntum. | 221 CAH 7.2, 8-34 |
| c.221 | The ISTRI, pirates living on north coast of Adriatic, sieze a Roman ship. Both consuls are sent against them, and subdue them. | 221 CAH 7.2, 8, DGRBM 3-674, 741, GHH, OCD 556, SORH |
| c.221 | Cincius Alimentus, historian, flourishes. | 221 GHH |
Italy 220-201
V