| c.200 | HIERATIC SCRIPT, derived from earlier pictographic, used in carved or painted inscriptions in Egypt from the 1st Dynasty, less used than Demotic for secular purposes from 650, discontinued. | 200 B76 V-32 |
| c.200 | BOLUS of Mendes publishes Physica et Mystica containing recipes for dyeing, coloring, and alchemy. | 200 B76 1-433 |
| c.200 | ERATOSTHENES, librarian at Alexandria 235-195, writes Geography . | 200 DGRG 1-879 |
| c.200 | ARISTOPHANES of Byzantium becomes librarian of Alexandria until 183. | 200 OHG 194 atl |
| c.200 | The Jewish community of Alexandria has become large and sophisticated enough to require a translation of its Hebrew scriptures into Greek. | by 200 CHJ 2-534 |
| c.199 | HORUNNEFER, pharaoh of Upper Egypt 205-199, ends. ANKHUNNEFER succeeds until 186. | 199 nar, resh |
| HORUNNEFER changes his name to ANKHUNNEFER. | 200 lv5SW 199 lvPt5 |
| c.200 | Senatorial legates: C. Claudius Nero, P. Sempronius Tuditanus, sail from Anatolia to Egypt. Their next task is to make peace between Antiochus-III and Ptolemy-V | 200 BHS 2-35, CAH 8-165, 270, CHJ 2 |
| c.200 | 2 Books of TOBIT (Tobiah) written in Hebrew or Aramaic in Egypt. Jewish piety mixed with folklore. Vindicates Yaweh as good despite existing evil in world. Tobit, a pious Jew exiled in Nineveh in the 7th century, does good deeds, and is supernaturally delivered from horrific affliction along with son Tobias, and son's wife Sarah. "What you yourself hate, do to no man". Borrows from Story of Ahikar 500. Makes Ahikar Tobit's nephew and treasurer of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon. | 3-200 CHJ 2-477, Sdl 5-162 259 IDB 2-712 250-175 CBCNT 58 225-200 AΨA 174 200 BBP 157, ODCC 1382, lvCrn 200-170 IDB 4-658 200-160 BBT 180 MNDQ 471 175-164 B76 X-18 |
| c.199 | Antiochus-III's attempt to attack Egypt fails. | 199 lvPt5 |
| c.199 | Jewish tax-collector JOSEPH ben Tobias marries his niece at Alexandria. | 199 atl2 |
| c.199 | SCOPAS, Egyptian commander in Coele-Syria, compelled by famine to surrender Sidon, flees to Egypt, where he still has high favor until 195. | 199 CAH 8-173 |
| c.197 | LYCOPOLIS, chief revolt center of ANKHUNNEFER (Ankmachis), secessionist pharaoh of Upper Egypt, taken by ARISTOMENES, regent? for Ptolemy-V. Amnesties are granted. War between North and South continues until 185. | 197 CAH 8-187 wikP5 |
| c.197 | PTOLEMY-V, under a regent from 203, comes of age (12-14), crowned at Memphis, rules until 181/0. | 197 B76 VIII-281, 6-482, CHJ 2-76, GHH |
| 197/6 | PTOLEMY-V supresses insurrection in the Delta. | 197 B76 VIII-281 197/6 lvPt5 |
| c.196 | PTOLEMY-V, king of Egypt 203-181, crowned and consecrated by his guardians in Egyptian style at Memphis. Surnamed Epiphanes. | 196 CAH 8, DGRBM 3-591, MCAW, lvPt5 195 LEWH 97 |
| c.196 | ANTIOCHUS-III Megas king of Syria / Babylonia 223-187 sails from Chersonese to Alexandria, learns that Ptolemy-V is still alive sails away. | 196 Oct CAH 8-186, DGRBM 3-774 |
| c. 195 |  Priests of Memphis issue ROSETTA DECREE, enumerate privileges bestowed by government. Rosetta Stone is written. The upper text is Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle, Demotic script, and the lowest Greek. It presents the same text in all 3 scripts (with minor differences). Believed to have originally been displayed in a temple, possibly at nearby Sais in honor of Ptolemy-V Epiphanes. |
photo Captmondo 196 B76 VIII-281, CAH 7.1-97, DGRBM 3-591, IDB 4-129, MCAW, WERE 2, wikP3, wikRS 195 CAH 8-188 193 DGRG 1-418 |
| c.195 | ROSETTA STONE contains decree honoring the 9th year Ptolemy-V Epiphanes. | 196 Dur 2-584, FHBC 61 |
| c.195 | Peace with Antiochus-III; Ptolemy-V Epiphanes betrothed to marry Antiochus' dau Cleopatra-I Syra and accepts the loss of all possessions outside Egypt, except for Cyprus and Cyrenaica. | Ant 12:4:1 197 BHS 2-38, GHH, atl2 195 B76 8-383, CAH 8, lvPt5, wikC1S 194/3 CHJ 2-76, Sdl 5-236 |
| c.195 | SCOPAS, popular general, attempts coup, killed with family and accomplices by Aristomenes. | 197 atl2 195 CAH 8-187 |
| c.195 | ERATOSTHENES, librarian of Alexandria measures circumference of Earth at 24,662 miles - 200 miles short. | 194 atl2 |
| c.195 | ERATOSTHENES, designs an instrument to solve a mathematical problem concerning size of Apollo's altar at Delos. | 194 atl2 |
| c.195 | 5th SYRO / EGYPT WAR from 202, ends until 170. | 195 B76 1-994, CDCC 857, LEWH 93, 97, atl2, lvA |
| c.195/4 | ERATOSTHENES of Cyrene dies. Greek mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, music theorist, librarian of Alexandria from 246, age 80, suicides by starvation. ARISTOPHANES of Byzantium succeeds until 180. | 200 OHG, SHWC 95 196 DGRBM 3-299, TTS 195 BD 95, CAH 8, Dur 2-556, MCAW 195/4 wikEr 194 B76 III-937, 8-388, 10-1094, CDCC 326, OCD 114, 405, atl2 |
| c.194 | ACCENT MARKS added to Greek writing by Aristophanes of Byzantium. | no date: MCAW 215 |
| c.193 | COELE-SYRIA, including Judea, under Antiochus-III from 198, given to his dau Cleopatra-I Syra as a dowry, which means it should go to her husband Ptolemy-V Epiphanes, but Seleucids remain in control until 142. | Ant 12:4:1 193 DGRBM 1-799, Jud 5-603 |
| There is no evidence for this. | B76 VIII-281, wikC1 |
| c.193 | SYRO / EGYPT treaty at Raphia. PTOLEMY-V Epiphanes, age 16, king of Egypt 197-81 marries CLEOPATRA-I, age 10, dau of Antiochus-III until 176. | Ant 12:4:1 200 lvA3 194 CAH 8, MCAW 194/3 B76 VIII-281, CAH 8-343, CHJ 2-76 193 B76 II-989, DGRBM 1-799, GHH, ISBE 3-1049, Jud 5-603, wikC1, wikP5, wikC1 193/2 DGRBM 3-591 192 IDB 3-198, 966 |
| Daniel 11:13-18 refers to these events. | IDB 3-966 |
| c.193 | ARISTOMENES regent of Egypt executed by Ptolemy-V. He is replaced by POLYCRATES. | 192 atl2, lvPt5 |
| c.192 | PTOLEMY-V, king of Egypt 203-181, sides with Romans against Antiochus-III. | 192 SORH |
| c.190 | PTOLEMY-V, king of Egypt 203-181, sends a fresh embassy to Rome to congratulate them on their victory over Antiochus-III. | 190 DGRBM 3-591 |
| c.190 | APOLLONIUS of PERGA, mathematician, "The Great Geometer", dies at Alexandria. | 190 B76 I-448, BHM 141 |
| c.188 | Iliad & Odyssey , having standardized text from 276, edited by Aristophanes, librarian of Alexandria. | no date: MTNT 150 |
| c.187 | THEODORIDAS of Sicyon and LYCORTAS of Megalopolis sent by Achaean League to renew alliance with Ptolemy-V Epiphanes. Lycortas' young son, Polybius the historian accompanies. Alliance is renewed. | 187 DGRBM 3-1045, GHH, atl2 186 DGRBM 2-849 |
| c.187 | CLEOPATRA-I Syra, wife of Ptolemy-V 193-76 appointed vizir. | 187 wikC1S, wikC1 |
| c.186 | PTOLEMY-V Epiphanes, king of Egypt 197-81, suppresses rebels held out in Upper Egypt. | 187/6 B76 VIII-281 186 B76 8-383 |
| c.186 | ANKHUNNEFER (Ankmachis), rebel pharaoh of Upper Egypt from 199, conquered by Ptolemaic General Conanus, and executed. Independent kingdom from 205 ends. | 186 Shaw 411, atl2, lvPt5, nar, resh 185 DGRBM 3-592, wikP5 |
| c.185 | A synod of priests at Memphis transfers all honors that Ptolemy-V had received in 196 (written on Rosetta stone) to his wife Cleopatra-I. | 185 wikC1 |
| c.185 | HYRCANUS ben Joseph goes from Judea to Alexandria, gains favor of Ptolemy-V. | Ant 12:4:6 187 GHH 185 atl2 no date: btst |
| Josephus' account is screwed! His Oniases and Ptolemies are irreconcilable. And there was no "Seleucus Soter". |
| c.184 | Death of Aristonicus, a eunuch and general of Ptolemy-V. | 184 atl2 |
| c.184 | PAUSIRAS is one of the leaders of the Egyptians in their revolt against Ptolemy-V. The rebel chiefs had made themselves masters of Lycopolis, but can't hold out against Ptolemaic general Polycrates. They surrender to the mercy of the king, who has them all executed. | 184 DGRBM 3-163 |
| c.184/3 | Rebels in Lower Egypt surrender on basis of terms that Ptolemy-V had personally promised. P-V then has them killed in a cruel manner. | 185 DGRBM 3-592, OHG, atl2 184/3 wikP5 |
| c.182 | PTOLEMY-V Epiphanes plans to attack the Seleucid Empire. | 182 lvPt5 |
| c.181 | Temple at Apollinopolis Magna begun by Ptolemy-V Epiphanes. | 181 DGRG 1-160 |
| 181/0 | PTOLEMY-V Epiphanes describes his friends as his "walking money-bags". | 180 atl2 |
| 181/0 | Son of P-III, PTOLEMY-V Epiphanes dies. King of Egypt from 197, age 28, poisoned. Eldest son, age 6, PTOLEMY-VI Philometor succeeds until 169. His mom CLEOPATRA-I is regent until 176. She immediately stops all war plans against under Seleucus-IV | 182 BHS 2-134 181 BI+N 126, 136, CHJ 2, DGRBM 3-592, Dur 2-556, GHH, IDB 3-966, ISBE 3-1049, Jud 5-603, 13-1348, LEWH 97, MCAW, MRDK 290, bk, wikP5 181/0 CAH 8-283, ISBE 3-1049 180 B76 VIII-281, 8-382, CAH 8-343, Clay, DMoN, GEoP, JIAE, Murn, Shaw, Tmsn 233, ae, atl2, crst, frH, ktut, lvPt5, phou, pic, nar, rcE, resh, tig, treg, wikC1, wikP |
| c.180 | ARISTOPHANES of Byzantium, librarian of Alexandria, accused of planning to flee to Eumenes of Pergamum. | 179 atl2 |
| c.180 | ARISTOPHANES of Byzantium, librarian of Alexandria from 195, dies. APOLLONIUS succeeds until 153. | 180 CAH 8, Dur 2-556, MTNT 150, OCD 114 179 atl2 |
| c.176 | Dau of Antiochus-III & Laodice, CLEOPATRA-I SYRA dies. Widow of Ptolemy-V, mom of Cleo-II, P-VI & VIII, regent for son Ptolemy-VI from 181, age 28, dies. PTOLEMY-VI Philometor succeeds under corrupt regents Elulaeus (a eunuch) and Laenus until 172. | 178/7 nar, 176 B76 VIII-281, BI+N 136, CAH 8-343, DGRBM 2-87, ISBE 3-1049, frH, lvPt6, resh, wikC1, wikP, wikP6 175 atl2 173 BHS 2-134, DGRBM 3-592, GHH, IDB 3-966, Jud 5-603, bk |
| by 176 | Temple of HORUS at EDFU, finished 212. The decoration of the walls with reliefs and inscriptions, interrupted during the reign of Epiphanes, is resumed until finished in 147. | by 176 plnt |
| c.174 | ONIAS-III ben Simon, high priest of Jerusalem from 198, flees to Egypt. | 175 CHJ 2-217, GHH, Jud 9-1292, 12-1403, af, gw, hifi, rcHL, wikHP 175/4 CHJ 2 174 BNTH 50, 103, CAH 8, HCC, IDB 2-804, atl2, bivu 173 Jud 3-74 |
| c.173 | 5 Roman envoys, led by consular C. Valerius Laevinus, including Gn. Lutatius Cerco, M. Caecilius Denter, M. Cornelius Mammula, Q. Baebius Sulca are sent to Alexandria to renew alliance with Ptolemy-VI, then to the Macedonian court to watch Perseus, then to Rome in 172. | 173 CAH 8-306, DGRBM 1-672, 993, 2-711, 913, 3-933 |
| c.173 | ELULAEUS & LAENUS, regents for Ptolemy-VI 173-72, stir up the war party, which now becomes dominant. | 173 CAH 8-503 |
| c.173 | APOLLONIUS, Syrian governor of Coele-Syria proceeds as ordered by Antiochus-IV to Alexandria for coronation of Ptolemy-VI. He learns that P-VI intends to recover Coele-Syria, which was given to his mom in 193. | 2Mac. 4:21 174 BI+N 136 172 atl2 |
| c.173 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt 180-64, marries sis CLEOPATRA-II, makes anti-Seleucid union with their bro Ptolemy-VIII Euergetes-II Physcon. | 175 lvPt6, wikC2, wikP6 175/4 ISBE 3-1049 173 B76 VIII-281, wikP 169 B76 8-383, Jud 5-603 |
| c.172 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor under regents Elulaeus and Laenus from 173, comes of age (14), is king of Egypt and Cyprus until 164. | 173 bk 172 1&2BM 23, Sdl 5-297 |
| c.171 | CLEOPATRA-II, wife of Ptolemy-VI Philometor, becomes co-ruler with P-VI until 164. | 173 GEoP 171 wikC2, wikP 170 lvPt6, wikC2 |
| c.170 | ELULAEUS & LAENUS, regents for Ptolemy-VI 173-69, persuade him to break Ptolemaic treaty with Seleucids by invading Coele-Syria. | 170 1&2BM 23, B76 8-383, ISBE 3-1049 170/69 CAH 8-344 |
| c.170 | SYRO / EGYPT WAR dormant from 195, resumes (6th) for control of Coele-Syria until 168. | 171 GHH, IDB 3-199, LEWH 97, MCAW 170 1&2BM 23, B76 8-383, Sdl 5-238, frH, lvPt6, wikP6 170/69 BI+N 138 169 CAH 8-305 |
| c.170 | Alexandrians crown P-VI's bro PTOLEMY-VIII Euergetes-II Physcon king of Egypt with better administration than the X-slave regents of Philometor. | 170 B76 VIII-281, Clay, DGRBM 3-594-5, DMoN, GEoP, ISBE 3-1050, JIAE, Murn, Shaw, ae, atl2, crst, ktut, phou, rcE, tig, treg, wikP 169 CAH 8-505, GHH |
| c.170 /69 | Egyptian regents, Eulaeus and Lenaeus harangue a pep talk to the populace at Alexandria, then march to Coele- Syria to stop Antiochus-IV. | 170/69 BHS 2-135 |
| c.169 | COMANUS, envoy of Ptolemy-VIII Euergetes-II Physcon, sent to make peace with Antiochus-IV. | 169 DGRBM 1-815 |
| c.169 | Envoys including Arcesilaos (Ariston?) of Megalopolis from Achaean League sent to Alexandria to facilitate peace between Antiochus-III and Ptolemy-VI Philometor, and to obtain from P-VIII a confirmation of the privileges accorded to its citizens for festivals in the various states of Greece. Another comes in the matter of the Antigonea. Athens sends no less than 3 embassies for similar purposes. | 169 BHS 2-138, DGRBM 1-310 |
| c.169 | 1st foreign invasion of Egypt since 321. ANTIOCHUS-IV, king of Syria / Babylonia 175-64 from Levant into Egypt for 1st invasion, defeats Egyptians at Pelusium, controls all Lower Egypt except Alexandria. Ptolemy-VI joins him outside Alexandria. A-IV demands that Ptolemy-VI receive other advisers (Comanus and Cineas), and become a puppet of Antiochus-IV. |
173 DGRG 2-573 171 GHH 170 B76 VIII-281, CHJ 2, DHJ 484, IDB 2-56, Sdl 5-238, wikP8 170/69 ISBE 3-1049 169 1&2BM 23, B76 1-994, 8-383, BHS 2-137-8, CAH 8-283, 344, ISBE 1-145, Tmsn 237, atl2, lvPt6, wikC2 |
| c.169 | ANTIOCHUS-IV, king of Syria / Babylonia 175-64 advances without opposition as far as Memphis. | 170 DGRBM 3-592 |
| c.169 | Embassies from Athens and the Achaean League, Miletus and Clazomenae including Arcesilaos (Ariston?) of Megalopolis go to Egypt to facilitate peace between Antiochus-IV and Ptolemy-VI Philometor. They sail from Alexandria up the Nile to meet Antiochus-IV at Memphis, and tell him that the Alexandrian court admitted that Egypt had been in the wrong in opening war, but blame the party, now fallen, of Eulaeus and Lenaeus. | 169 BHS 2-138, DGRBM 1-310 |
| c.169 | Alexandrians send envoys to Rome saying Antiochus-IV is likely to confiscate all the wealth of Egypt. | 169 BHS 2-140 |
| c.169 | Alexandrians demand that Cleopatra-II and Ptolemy-VIII become rulers. Ptolemy-VIII Euergetes-II Physcon claims to be king. | 170 DGRBM 3-592 169 lvPt6 |
| c.169 | ANTIOCHUS-IV, king of Syria / Babylonia 175-64 in Memphis, learns of insurrection of Ptolemy-VIII Euergetes-II Physcon, marches back to Alexandria. | 170 DGRBM 3-592 |
| c.169 | ANTIOCHUS-IV, king of Syria / Babylonia 175-64 besieges Ptolemy-VI Philometor in Alexandria, cuts off Alexandria from the rest of Egypt. Envoys from Greece and Rhodes try to mediate. | 1Mac 1:20 169 B76 8-383, CAH 8-283, 337, 506, GHH, bk |
| c.169 | ANTIOCHUS-IV, king of Syria / Babylonia 175-64 addresses envoys from Athens, Achaeans, Miletus, and Clazomenae, to justify his invasion of Egypt. | 169 atl2 |
| c.169 | Treaty at Memphis : Ptolemy-VI Philometor comes out of Alexandria, joins Antiochus-IV, who promises to support P-VI against his bro P-VIII Euergetes, and sets up a rival seat of government at Memphis. | 1Mac 1:20 169 B76 8-383, CAH 8-283, atl2, bk |
| c.169 | ANTIOCHUS-IV declares his neph Ptolemy-VI Philometor king of Upper and Lower Egypt. | 169 Sdl 5-297 |
| c.169 | ANTIOCHUS-IV, king of Syria / Babylonia 175-64 withdraws from Egypt, leaving it divided until 164. Ptolemy-VI Philometor and Cleo-II in Memphis. Ptolemy-VIII Euergetes-II Physcon in Alexandria. Antiochus-IV leaves a detachment at Pelusium. |
170 IDB 3-966 170/69 CHJ 2 169 B76 8-383, BHS 2-140, CAH 8-284, 506, ISBE 1-145 |
| c.169 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt 181-64, tries to escape to Samothrace. | 169 atl2 |
| c.169 | PTOLEMY-VIII Euergetes-II Physcon, king at Alexandria 170, reconciles and rules jointly with Ptolemy-VI Philometor and Cleo-II until 164. | 170 B76 VIII-281 169 atl2, wikP 169/8 lvPt6, wikP6 |
| c.169 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt 181-64, comes of age. | 169 atl2 |
| 169/8 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt 181-64, makes 2nd appeal to Rome against Antiochus-IV. | 169/8 B76 8-383 |
| c.168 | Embassy from Ptolemy-VI sent to Rome. | 168 atl2 |
| c.168 | ANTIOCHUS-IV, king of Syria / Babylonia 175-64, from Levant to 2nd invasion of Egypt. Besieges Alexandria again, demands formal cession of Cyprus and Pelusium, occupies Lower Egypt. | 2Mac 5:1 168 1&2BM 26, B76 1-994, 8-383, BHS 2-142, BI+N 141, CAH 8-344, CHJ 2, DHJ 485, ISBE 1-145, Sdl 5-238, 297, Tmsn 237, atl2, lvPt6 |
| c.168 | ANTIOCHUS-IV, king of Syria / Babylonia 175-64 is crowned king of Egypt. | 168 wikP6 |
| c.168 | Ptolemies V and VI appeal to Achaean League for 1,000 mercenaries. | 168 DGRBM 3-1045 |
| c.168 | Achaean ambassadors including Archon of Aegira go to Egypt. | 168 DGRBM 1-273 |
| c.168 | C. Popillius LAENAS leads Roman embassy including C. Decius from Rhodes to Egypt. | 168 BHS 2-144, DGRBM 1-947, OCD 861 |
| c.168 | C. Popillius LAENAS, envoy to Egypt, at Eleusis, a suburb of Alexandria, orders Antiochus-IV to evaccuate Egypt and Cyprus. Antiochus asks for time to consider options. Laenas draws a circle around him in the dirt, and demands an answer before Antiochus leaves the circle. Antiochus agrees to comply. This causes a rumor in Levant that he has died. | 168 B76 1-994, 7-947, 8-383, 15-1095, 17-947, CAH 8-284, 344, CHJ 2, Dur 2-582, GHH, OCD 861, Sdl 5-238, SORH, atl2, bk, lvPt6 167 OHG |
| c.168 | ANTIOCHUS-IV, king of Syria / Babylonia 175-64 hears of fighting at Jerusalem, believes it is rebellion, hurries (with lots of Egyptian loot) to Judea. | 2Mac 5:11 168 CAH 8-507, DGRBM 3-592, Jud 3-74, atl2 |
| c.168 | MENALCIDAS, a Lacedaemon adventurer, imprisoned by Philometor and Physcon from?, released at request of Popilius Laenas. | 168 DGRBM 2-1029, atl2 |
| c.168 | SYRO / EGYPT WAR from 170, ends. | 168 Sdl 5-238, frH |
| c.165 | Native rebellion; birth of Ptolemy Eupator | 165 lvPt6 |
| c.165 | Native Egyptian at Alexandria, Dionysius Petosarapis, claims that P-VI Philometor had tried to involve him in a conpiracy to kill his younger bro, rebels against P-VI, but is defeated. | 165 atl2, lvPt6 |
| c.165 | Ptolemy-VI Philometor suppresses a rebellion around Thebes and captures Panopolis. | 165 atl2 |
| c.165 | CTESIBIUS of Alexandria builds a "wind gun". | 170-161 TTS |
| c.165 | CTESIBIUS of Alexandria builds a nukterion horologion "night-time hour monitor" in the shape of a large klepsydra. Water drops on wheels which are thereby turned. The motion is transferred to a statue holding a pointer which, as the statue rises, points to progressive hours marked on a pillar. | 135 DGRA 612 |
| c.164 | Fighting in the Fayum and around Thebes. | 164 lvPt6 |
| c.164 | PHILIP, appointed successor of Lysias, forced to flee from Antioch to Egypt until 162. | 1Mac 6:63, Ant 12:9:7 164 CHJ 2-306 162 CAH 8-517 |
| c.164 | T.(5) Manlius TORQUATUS is envoy to Egypt to mediate between the 2 Ptolemies. He favors P-VIII Physcon. | 164 DGRBM 3-1164, IDB 3-259 |
| c.164 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt 172-64, expelled from Alexandria until 163 by Ptolemy-VIII Physcon, goes to Rome until 163. P-VIII is sole ruler until 163. | 164 B76 VIII-281, CAH 8-284, CHJ 2, Clay, DGRBM 3-592, DMoN, GEoP, ISBE 3-1050, LEWH 97, MCAW, ae, atl2, crst, ktut, lvPt6, nar, pic, rcE, resh, wikC2, wikP6, wikP8 163 SORH |
| c.164 | Roman envoys sail from Alexandria to Antioch. | 164 BI+N 152 |
| c.163 | CLEOPATRA, mother of Philopator (future P-VII?), marries P-VIII Physcon 163-27. | 163 GEoP, wikP |
| c.163 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt 181-64, in Rome from 164, escorted back to Alexandria, reinstated as king of Egypt until 145. Ptolemy-VIII Physcon is made king of Cyrene until 116. Romans accomplish this without military action. | 163 B76 VIII-281, CAH 8-284, CHJ 2, Clay, DGRG 1-100, DMoN, GEoP, Jud 5-603, Murn, ae, atl2, crst, ktut, lvPt6, nar, pic, rcE, tig, treg, wikP, wikP6 |
| c.163 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt 181-64, 163-45, declares amnesty for rebels, offers asylum to Jews who are fleeing from the war between Antiochus-IV and the Maccabees. | 163 lvPt6 |
| c.163 | Ptolemaic territories of are divided between P-VI Philometor and P-VIII Physcon. | 164 GHH 163 atl2 |
| c.163 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon persuades senate to award him a larger share of Ptolemaic territories including Cyprus. | 163 atl2 |
| c.162 | Embassy includes P. Apustius sent to younger Ptolemy. | 162 DGRBM 1-252 |
| c.162 | COMANUS, envoy of Ptolemy-VIII Physcon, sent to Rome to complain that Ptolemy-VI Philometor refused to grant Cyprus to Physcon. | 162 DGRBM 1-815 |
| c.162 | PHILIP, in Egypt from 164, returns to Antioch. | 162 lvA5 |
| c.162 | Gn. MERULA sails from Anatolia to Alexandria, negotiates with Ptolemy-VI Philometor unsuccessfully, returns to Rome. | 162 DGRBM 2-149 |
| c.162 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt 181-64, 163-45, supports Demetrius-I Soter. | 162 lvPt6 |
| c.162 | ONIAS-IV, Zadokite high priest of Jerusalem from 163, flees to Egypt, where Ptolemy-VI sets him up in Heliopolis. | Ant 12:9:7, Wars 1:1:1 162 CAH 8-517, Jud 12-1403, atl2 |
| c.161 | ONIAS-IV, former high priest of Jerusalem 163-2, tells Ptolemy-VI and Cleo-II that Isaiah had predicted that a Jew would build a temple to Yahweh in Egypt. (No such writing of Isaiah is known.) P-VI & C-II believe him and grant permission solely for that reason. | Ant 13:3:1 161 Jud 6-485 |
| c.161 | ONIAS-IV is given a place at Leontopolis near Heliopolis, authorized to build a temple to continue the Zadokite priesthood. Building begins until 152. | Ant 12:9:7, 13:3:1, Wars I:1:1 168-5 CHJ 2 167 GHH 165 IDB 4-484 162 CAH 8-517, ISBE 1-715, atl2 161 BNTH 5, 160 1&2BM 221, CHJ 2-50, IDB 4-465 145 Jud 12-1403 |
| It was Onias-III in 169/8. | IDB 3-603 |
| c.154 | Ptolemy-VIII Physcon, king of Cyrene, accuses Ptolemy-VI Philometor of attempted murder. Takes his complaint to Rome. | 156/5 wikP8 155/4 lvPt6 154 CAH 8-284, DGRG 1-731 |
| c.154 | ANDROMACHUS, envoy of Ptolemy-VI Philometor, is sent to Rome. | 154 DGRBM 1-173 |
| c.154 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt & Cyprus 163-45, tries to appease bro bro Ptolemy-VIII Physcon by offering him an engagement to his dau Cleopatra Thea. | 154 lvCθ, lvPt6, lvPt8 no date: wikP8 |
| c.154 | Senate sends Ptolemy-VIII Physcon home with 5 legates, but no Roman army, but P-VI Philometor, anticipating him, had already occupied Cyprus with a large force. | 154 DGRG 1-731 |
| c.154 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt & Cyprus 163-45, arrests bro Ptolemy-VIII Physcon, but treats him well to avoid conflict with Rome. Then lets him go back to Cyrene. | 154 CAH 8-284, atl2 |
| c.154 | Senate refuses to hear answer of Ptolemy-VI Philometor to charges of Ptolemy-VIII Physcon. Orders allies to take Cyprus from P-VI and give it to P-VIII. Allies do little or nothing. | 154 CAH 8-284 |
| c.154 | Coalition of Ptolemy-VI, Attalus of Pergamum and Ariarathes of Cappadocia against Demetrius-I of Syria. | 154 CAH 8 |
| c.153 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt & Cyprus 163-45, dispatches army under Gelastes thru Levant to Syria to support Alexander Balas. | 153 B76 VIII-281, IDB 3-966 152 CAH 8-523, ISBE 3-1050 |
| c.153 | APOLLONIUS, librarian of Alexandria from 180, ends. ARISTARCHUS of Samothrace succeeds until 145. | 153 B76 I-514, OCD 109, wikAS 152 atl2 |
| c.152 | PTOLEMY EUPATOR, son of P-VI Philometor is sent to Cyprus, but is dead before the end of the year. | 152 lvPt6, wikP6 |
| c.152 | Temple at Leontopolis near Heliopolis, begun 169, finished. Lasts until 73CE. | 154 ISBE 3-1050 152 CHJ 2-464 145 B76 10-313, Jud 12-1403 |
| c.150 | ALEXANDER BALAS, pretended son of Antiochus-IV in Syria, asks Ptolemy-VI for a dau in marriage. P-VI agrees and proposes a meeting at Ptolemais. | Ant 13:4:1 |
| c.150 | Though PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt & Cyprus 163-45, had supported the coup of Demetrius I Soter, he now backs Alexander Balas. | 150 lvPt6 |
| c.150 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor and dau Cleopatra Thea sail to Ptolemais. CLEO THEA marries ALEXANDER BALAS, king of Syria 150-45 at Ptolemais. | 1Mac 10:57, Ant 13-4-1 150 1&2BM 139, B76 8-383, 17-948, CAH 8-524, DGRBM 1-800, GHH, IDB 3-966, Jud 2-577, lvPt6 |
| c.150 | ARISTOBULUS of Paneas, Hellenistic Jew philosopher at court of P-VI at Alexandria, 1st to try to reconcile Judaism with Greek philosophy, tries to prove that the best Greek literature is indebted to Jewish inspiration. Asserts that Pythagoras and Plato knew the Law of Moses. 1st to try an allegorical interpretation of objectionable verses in the Pentateuch. | 180-45 CHJ 2-201 160 AΨΨ 370, wikAP 150-00 OCD 111 |
| c.150 | Commentary on Pentateuch by Aristobulus of Paneas, Jew at court of P-VI, earliest evidence of contact between Alexandrian Jews and Greek philosophy. Tries to show that Homer, Hesiod, etc. down to Plato borrowed from a supposed translation of the Torah into Greek. | 160 AΨΨ 370 150-00 OCD 111 no date: OCD 111 |
| c.150 | SEPTUAGINT , begun 250, books of Kings, Chronicles, and Job translated to Greek, and added to it. | 150 AΨA 669 |
| 150 ±50 | 1st ESDRAS (Greek Ezra or 3rd Book of Ezra) written in Aramaic or Hebrew by an Egyptian Jew. Contains a confused history of 721-444. | post 333 AΨA 5 200-100 B76 III-958 150 CBCNT 58 200-50 ODCC 470 125 lvCrn |
| c.150 | Iliad & Odyssey : 2 critical editions published by Aristarchus of Samothrace, librarian of Alexandria. | no date B76 I-514 |
| c.150 | ISIS-OSIRIS cult exported by traders to Campania Italy. | 150 ISBE 4-114 |
| c.150 | HYPSICLES of Alexandria writes an additional Book 14 to Euclid's Elements 300. Contains relations between a regular dodecahedron and an eicosahedron inscribed in the same sphere. 1st proposes a 360° circle. | 150 OCD 536 |
| c.150 | AGATHARCHIDES of Knidos, Ptolemaic geographer, flourishes. | 150 OHG |
| c.147 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt & Cyprus 169-64, 163-45, makes son PTOLEMY-VII Philopator Neos co-king. | 147 B76 VIII-281 |
| by 147 |  Temple of HORUS at EDFU, decoration of walls with reliefs and inscriptions resumed 176, is finished. Dedicated 142. |
photo Hedwig Storch by 147 plnt |
| c.146 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor, king of Egypt & Cyprus 163-45, leads army along Levant coast to support Alex Balas. | 1Mac 11:1 147 bk |
| c.146 | Political events disrupt the Museum at Alexandria. | 146 CAH 8 |
| c.146 | APOLLODOROS of Athens, in Alexandria from ?, goes to Pergamum until ?. | 146 B76 I-448 |
| c.145 | PTOLEMY-VI Philometor supports Jews of Alexandria against Samaritans. | 145 atl2 |
| c.145 | Son of P-V & Cleo-1, PTOLEMY-VI Philometor dies. Co-king of Egypt & Cyprus with bro P-VII 169-64, 163-45, returns from Syria, dies of wounds from Oenoparas river. Son PTOLEMY-VII Philopator Neos is proclaimed king in Alexandria under regency of mom Cleo-II. | 1Mac 11:18 146 AΨΨ 372, DGRBM 1-800, 3-594, IDB 3-966, MCAW, SORH, frH 145 B76 VIII-281, CAH 8, 9-310, CHJ 2-143, Clay, DMoN, Dur 2-556, GEoP, ISBE 3-1050, JIAE, Jud 5-603, 13-1348, LEWH 97, MRDK 290, Murn, Sdl 5-250, Shaw, ae, atl2, bk, crst, frH, ktut, lvPt6, nar, pic, rcE, tig, treg, wikP, wikP6 |
| c.145 | PTOLEMY-VIII Euergetes-II Physcon, bro of P-VI, king of Cyrene 163-45, in Syria 145, returns with army to Egypt, meets army of Onias-IV at Alexandria. | 145 CAH 9-310, Jud 5-603, wikP8 |
| c.145 | Book of Daniel , written 165, translated into Greek for Septuagint. | 145 CHJ 2-445 |
| c.145 | PTOLEMY-VIII Euergetes-II Physcon, bro of P-VI, king of Cyrene 163-45, proposes joint rule and marriage with sis Cleo-II, both of which she accepts, and becomes P-VIII's wife until his death 116. | 145 ISBE 3-1050, wikP8 |
| c.145 | Leontopolis, a military colony in the delta, supports Cleopatra-II with a small force at Alexandria. | 145 1&2BM 140 |
| c.145 | Clash between government and Jews at Alexandria, who side with Cleopatra-II. | 145 Jud 5-603 |
| c.145 | ARISTARCHUS of Samothrace, librarian of Alexandria from 153, and other Alexandrian intellectuals flee to Cyprus. Ammonius (Cydas) succeeds until . | 145 OCD 109, OHG, atl2, wikAS |
| c.145 | AGATHARCHIDES of Knidos, Ptolemaic geographer, is probably exiled by Ptolemy-VIII Physcon. | 145 CDCC 21 |
| c.145 | Bro of P-VI, PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Cyrene 163-45, marries sis CLEOPATRA-II, murders her son PTOLEMY-VII Neos Philopator during the wedding feast. P-VIII Physcon becomes king of Egypt until 131. | 146 GHH 145 CAH 9-310, Clay, GEoP, IDB 3-966, ISBE 3-1050, Jud 5-603, Murn, OCD 307, Shaw, ae, bk, crst, frH, lvPt6, lvPt8, pic, resh, tig, wikC2, wikP8 144 B76 VIII-281 |
| c.145 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Egypt 145-31, takes revenge on intellectuals of Alexandria who had opposed him. These include Aristarchus of Samothrace and Apollodorus of Athens. He holds mass purges and expulsions. | 145 OHG 418, wikP8 |
| c.144 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Egypt 145-31, crowned at Memphis, timed to coincide with birth of his new wife's child, named Memphites. | 144 CAH 9-310 |
| c.144 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Egypt 145-31, declares amnesty for all former enemies. | 144 lvPt8 |
| c.144 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Egypt 145-31, travels south to Upper Egypt. | 144 CAH 9-310 |
| c.144 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Egypt 145-31, has himself proclaimed pharaoh. | 144 wikP8 |
| c.142 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Cyrene 163-45, Egypt 145-31, already married to sis CLEO-II, marries niece CLEO-III, dau of P-VI and Cleo-II, until 131. | 142 ISBE 3-1050, Jud 5-603, wikP, wikC2 141/0 lvPt8 140 atl2, nar 139 wikC3 |
| c.142 | CLEOPATRA-II sis/wife of P-VIII Physcon, repudiated. Begins getting support of Alexandrians. | 142 CAH 4-384 |
| c.142 | Inner temple complex of Horace at Edfu, finished 147, dedicated by PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon. | 142 CAH 9-310, atl2 |
| c.140 | Foundation of the pronaos of temple at Edfu. Finished 124. | 140 atl2, nar |
| c. 140 | Sibylline Oracles , an immitation of ancient Greek oracles, eventually comprising 15 books. Earliest oracle contained in book 3 written by a Jew in Alexandria. Books 3-5 contain Jewish propaganda, including a messianic hope. Book 3-96: "Yet after leaving one root which the destroyer shall cut off, (97) he shall put forth a side shoot of 10 horns." |
140 AΨΨ 386, B76 2-936, CHJ 2-149, 201, ENBD 1061, IDB 3-928 160-00 HCC 80BC-130CE CBCNT 58 |
| c.140 /39 | Courtier Galestes gathers exiles from Egypt and attempts a coup, unsuccessfully. . | 140/39 lvPt8 138 atl2 |
| c. 140 /39 | SCIPIO AEMILIANUS heads an embassy including Spurius Mummius and L. Caecilius Metellus Calvus, sails from Rhodes to Egypt, where his companions privately express contempt for Ptolemy-VIII. They sail up the Nile to Memphis. | Diodotus 33.28b 143 GHH, SORH 140 B76 16-395 140/39 CAH 9-311 139 CAH 8-376, atl2 |
| c.140 /39 | SCIPIO AEMILIANUS heads an embassy including Spurius Mummius and L. Caecilius Metellus Calvus, sails from Egypt to Cyprus. | no date: Diodotus 33.28b |
| c.139 | Ptolemy-VIII and Cleopatra-III seek support from native Egyptians. | 139 lvPt8 |
| c.133 | HIERAPOLIS, under Seleucids from ?, comes under Romans until ?. | 133 ISBE 2-707 |
| c.132 | SIMON ben Jesus, grandson of Jesus ben Eleazar ben Sirach, author of Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) 180 arrives in Egypt. translates Ecclesiasticus into Greek. He dates it in the 38th year of Ptolemy-VII. The original Hebrew manuscript is soon lost, which possibly accounts for its failure to be canonized at the Synod of Jamnia. | 135 Jud 6-794 132 AΨA 271, 293, BBP 93, 159, CHJ 2-393, 416, DHJ 526, IDB 1-499, 2-14, 4-275, 550, Sdl 5-252, atl2 |
| c.132 | Ptolemy-VIII and Cleopatra-II begin civil war until ?. | 132 lvC3, lvPt8, wikC3 |
| c.132 | HORSIESE (Harsiesi) rebels until 130. | 132 CAH 9-311, lvPt8, nar 131 pic |
| c.132 | Jewish SCRIPTURE in Prolog to Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) is divided into 3 parts: Law, Prophets, and other books of the fathers. These all exist in Greek translation. | 132 BBP 93, IDB 1-499, 511, 4-275, Jud 4-821 132-116 AΨA 293 132-100 ISBE 4-403 |
| c.131 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Egypt 145-31, makes himself unpopular with his subjects by his many lawless acts. | 131 atl2 |
| c.131 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Egypt from 145, driven from Alexandria by Cleo-II until 130, goes to Cyprus with niece/wife Cleo-III. Sis/wife CLEOPATRA-II sole rule until 129. | 132/1 ISBE 3-1050 131 B76 VIII-281, CAH 9-311, 384, GEoP, atl2, bk, ktut, lvPt8, wikC2, wikP 130 MCAW, wikC3 |
| c.131 | Ptolemy Memphitis, son of P-VIII and Cleo-II, age 12 (apparently now on Cyprus), proclaimed king by Cleo-II until 130. | 131 GEoP, wikP |
| c.130 | Ptolemy Memphitis, only child of P-VIII and Cleo-II, age 13, murdered by father on Cyprus. P-VIII dismembers his body and sends head, hands and feet home to Cleo-II for her birthday. | 131/0 CAH 9-311 130 CAH 9-384, wikC2 |
| Memphites may be identical to P-VII Neos Philopator d.145. | wikC2 |
| c.130 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, exiled on Cyprus from 131, apparently leaves niece/wife Cleo-III on Cyprus until 127, returns to Egypt, defeats opponents. | 130 lvC3, lvPt8 127 ISBE 3-1050 |
| c.130 | HORSIESE (Harsiesi) rebeling from 132, ends. | 130 lvPt8 |
| c.130 c.130 |
Nash Papyrus written in Hebrew. 4 extant fragments comprise a single sheet. Contains the Ten Commandments in Hebrew, followed by the start of the Shema Yisrael prayer. Commandments have parts from Exodus 20:2-17 and parts from Deuteronomy 5:6-21. |
photo {{PD-US}} 150 Jud 12-833, 150-100 wikNP no date: B76 10-312 |
| c.130 /29 | KERKEOSIRIS, a south Fayum agricultural village, receives 1st settlement of Ptolemy-VIII Physcon's troops - 8 cavalrymen (one with 30 arourai (7.5 hectares) and 7with 20 arourai (5 hectares)) and 30 infantrymen with 7 arourai (1.75 hectares). | 130/29 CAH 9-313 |
| c.128 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, former king of Egypt 145-31, restored to Alexandria as king of Egypt until 116. Resumes CIVIL WAR with sis/wife CLEOPATRA-II until 118. | 130 lvPt8 129 B76 VIII-281, CAH 9 127 GEoP, MCAW, wikP |
| c.128 | CLEOPATRA-II, supported by troops of Demetrius-II Nicator, tries to recover her position, but the Seleucid expedition is defeated near Pelusium. | 128 atl2, lvD2lvPt8 |
| c.128 | CLEOPATRA-II, at war with her bro Ptolemy-VIII Physcon, offers throne of Egypt to her son-in-law, Demetrius-II Nicator, king of Syria 129-25. | 129 CHJ 2-327, atl2 |
| c.128 | Syrians, dissatisfied with sickly king DEMETRIUS-II Nicator, ask Ptolemy-VIII Physcon to send another Seleucid to rule Syria. P-VIII chooses a son of an Alexandrian broker, ALEXANDER ZEBINA, as a pretended son of Alex Balas, pretended son of Antiochus-IV | Ant 13-9-3 128 CHJ 2-327, lvPt8 |
| c.127 | CLEOPATRA-II, queen of Egypt from 130, flees to Syria, joins dau Cleo Thea and son-in-law Demetrius-II Nicator until 124. | 129/8 ISBE 3-1050 127 lvC3, wikP |
| c.127 | CLEOPATRA-III, 2nd wife of P-VIII Physcon, on Cyprus from 131, returns to Egypt, restored as regent of Egypt until 116. | 127 lvC3, wikP, wikC3 |
| c.127 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon violently reduces population of Alexandria, and replaces them with Greeks. | 127 CHJ 2-173, atl2, 127/6 lvPt8 |
| c.126 | ALEXANDER ZEBINA, son of an Alexandrian broker, is incited by Ptolemy-VIII Physcon to claim the throne of Syria, as son of Alex Balas. | 125 GHH |
| c.124 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Egypt 145-31, 129-16, puplicly declares reconcilliation with Cleo-III. | 124 ISBE 3-1050, wikC2 |
| c.124 | Temple of HATHOR at Dendera begun. It will not be finished until 60CE. | 124 Shaw 430 |
| c.124 | Pronaos of temple at Edfu, begun 140, is completed. | 124 atl2 |
| c.124 | Letter from Jerusalem to Jews in Egypt telling them to observe the festival commemorating a Hasmonean victory on 25th of Kislev. Letter does not mention John and is dated by the Seleucid era. It contains a discreet allusion to the temple at Leontopolis built by Onias-IV 179-52. | 2Mac 1:1 124 1&2BM 220, B76 2-934, CHJ 2-325, 463, Sdl 5-357, atl2 |
| c.124 | PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon, king of Egypt 145-31, 129-16, sends 2nd dau by Cleo-III, TRYPHAENA, to Syria to marry Antiochus-VIII. | 124 wikP8 |
| c.124 | CLEOPATRA-II, in Syria from 127, reconciled with Ptolemy-VIII Physcon, returns to Egypt, rules jointly with P-VIII and Cleo-III until 116. | 124 wikC2, wikC3, wikP8 |
| c.123 | Small-scale raids on local dykes of Crocodilopolis by villagers from Hermonthis at time of Nile flood in September. Priests of Souchos complain to a local official that the land has gone unsown. Their temple and the royal interest suffer. | 123 CAH 9-313 |
| by 122 | Temple of HORUS at EDFU, finished in decoration of walls in 147, a large vestibule decorated with reliefs is added by P-VIII Physcon. More will be added in 116. | by 122 plnt |
| c.120 | Greek navigator EUDOXOS of Cyzicus sponsored by P-VIII Physcon to explore a sea route, via Red Sea to India. He is guided by a Hindu who knows the "Law of the Monsoons". Probably the 1st European to sail directly to India and back. | 130 B76 8-389 120 CAH 9-385 117 B76 VIII-281 116 atl2 |
| c.119/8 | PTOLEMY LATHYRUS, son of P-VIII and Cleo-III, marries full sis CLEOPATRA-IV until 115. | 119/8 wikC4 |
| c.119/8 | At Kerkeosiris in the South Fayum 43% of the cleruchic land of the military settlers is sown with wheat in compared with only 24% in 116/15, and derelict land is 24%. | 119/8 CAH 9-314 |
| c.118 | GOLD COFFIN of ALEX-III the Great, in a tomb in Alexandria from 322, snatched by Ptolemy-VIII Physcon, who puts the corpse in a glass case for public display. | 118 DGRG 1-98 |
| c.118 | CIVIL WAR from 128 ends. PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon and sis/wife CLEOPATRA-II reconcile until her death 116. Amnesty restored thruout Egypt, P-VIII institutes reforms, but insufficient to improve the government's relationship with the country. | 124 wikP 118 B76 VIII-281, CAH 9-314, 384, CHJ 2, wikP8 |
| c.117 | PTOLEMY-IX Soter-II LATHYRUS flees to Cyprus until 116. | 117 GHH |
| c.116 | Dau of P-V & Cleo-I, CLEOPATRA-II dies. Sis/widow of P-VI 169-45, sis/wife of P-VIII from 145, mom of P-VII, Cleo-III, Cleo Thea, dies, leaving PTOLEMY-VIII Physcon and niece/wife CLEO-III rulers, but P-VIII soon dies. | 116 B76 6-483, CHJ 2, GEoP, MRDK 290, wikC2, wikP |
| P-VIII dies first. | wikC2 |
| by 116 | Temple of HORUS at EDFU, its vestibule decorated with reliefs finished by P-VIII Physcon in 122, the forecourt with its colonnades, the enclosure walls and the "great pylon" are begun. | by 116 CAH 9-317 |
| c.116 | Parasite Hierax of Antioch is executed by P-VIII Physcon. | 116 atl2 |
| c.116 | Son of P-V & Cleo-I, PTOLEMY-VIII Euergetes-II Physcon dies. King of Egypt, 145-31, 129-16, king of Cyrene from 163, Egypt from 128, dies, willing Egypt to niece/wife CLEOPATRA-III as regent until 110 over whichever of their sons she prefers, LATHYRUS or ALEXANDER. P-VIII wills Cyrene to APION (bastard by a concubine) until 96. |
117 BHS 2-253, DGRBM 3-595-6, MCAW, SORH 116 B76 6-483, 8-386, CAH 9-315, CHJ 2-143, Clay, DMoN, GEoP, ISBE 3-1050, JIAE, Jud 13-1348, MRDK 290, Murn, Shaw, ae, atl2, bk, crst, frH, ktut, lvC3, lvPt8, nar, phou, rcE, tig, wikC3, wikP, wikP8 |
| c.116 | PTOLEMY-IX Soter-II LATHYRUS, on Cyprus from ?, leaves sis/wife Cleo-IV on Cyprus, returns to Alexandria. | 116 lvCT, lvPt9 |
| c.116 | Romans intervene in Egypt. | 116 wikP8 |
| c.116 | EUDOXUS of Cyzicus sails from Egypt to India. | 116 atl2 |
| c.116 | CLEOPATRA-III regent of Egypt 116-10 chooses to rule with younger son Alexander, but is compelled by the people to enthrone elder son (age 14) Lathyrus. PTOLEMY-IX Soter-II LATHYRUS succeeds until 110. Younger son Ptolemy ALEXANDER is made governor of Cyprus until ?. | 116 CAH 9-, CHJ 2-328, DMoN, GEoP, IDB 3-967, ISBE 3-1050, JIAE, Murn, Shaw, ae, atl2, ktut, lvC3, lvPtX, nar, phou, pic, rcE, resh, tig, treg, wikP, wikP8, wikP9 |
| c.116 | CLEOPATRA-III regent of Egypt 116-10, presents herself to the Egyptians as goddesses Isis and Maat. | 116 lvC3 |
| 116/5 | At Kerkeosiris in the South Fayum only 24% of the cleruchic land of the military settlers is sown with wheat compared with 43% in 119/18, and the derelict land rises from 24% to 58% of the area. By 113/12 only 34% of this land registered as derelict and 34% under wheat, the major crop of the country | 116/5 CAH 9-314 |
| c.115 | PTOLEMY-IX Soter-II LATHYRUS, king of Egypt under regent CLEO-III 116-10, is forced by her to divorce wife Cleo-IV, now on Cyprus. | 117 DGRBM 1-800 115 B76 VIII-281, CAH 9, lvCT, lvPt9 |
| CLEO-IV learns that she has been divorced, assembles an army and offers her hand to Seleucid prince Antiochus-IX, and sails to Syria. |
| c.115 | PTOLEMY-IX Soter-II LATHYRUS, king of Egypt is forced to marry Selene, dau of P-VIII & Cleo-III. She takes the name CLEOPATRA SELENE, and remains his wife until 107, but is not made co-ruler. | 115 wikCS1 |
| c.114 | PTOLEMY-IX Soter LATHYRUS, king of Egypt under regent CLEO-III 116-10, starts to call himself king. | 114 DGRBM 3-596, lvPtX |
| c.114 | Book of ESTHER arrives in Egypt, and is immediately translated into Greek by a Jew named Lysimachus. | 114 AΨA 669, Jud 6-914 |
| c.113/2 | At Kerkeosiris in the South Fayum only 34% of the cleruchic land of the military settlers is derelict, compared to 24% in 116/15. 34% is now under wheat, the major crop of the country. | 113/2 CAH 9-314 |
| c.112 | Roman senator visits Egypt. | 112 CAH 9-316 |
| c.112 | Song of the Three Young Men written. An apologetic work written to give the Jews encouragement in facing persecution. Presents the Jews as loyal supporters of the Ptolemies. | 125-100 CHJ 2-496 |
| c.110 | PTOLEMY-IX SOTER-II LATHYRUS ends. King of Egypt from 116, is deposed by mom Cleo-III and younger bro Alexander. PTOLEMY-X ALEXANDER succeeds until 109. | 110 B76 VIII-281, 6-483, Clay, DMoN, GEoP, ISBE 3-1050, Murn, ae, lvC3, lvPt9, lvPtX, rcE, tig, treg, wikP, wikP9, wikPX 108/7 CHJ 2 107 IDB 3-967, ktut |
| c.110 | CLEOPATRA-III, regent from 116 for son PTOLEMY-IX Soter LATHYRUS, king of Egypt, is deposed by son Ptolemy Alexander. | 110 Jud 2-922 |
| c.110 | Letter of ARISTEAS written by a philosophical Alexandrian Jew, who claims to be an officer of Ptolemy-II Philadelphus to his bro Philocrates, supposedly during the translation of the Septuagint. A possibly fictional account of a banquet at the court of Ptolemy-II. Describes Greek translation of Hebrew Law by 72 interpreters sent to Egypt from Jerusalem at request of the librarian of Alexandria, resulting in the Septuagint translation. Commends Judaism to Helenists and gentiles. | 267 CAH 7.1-73 170-130 CBCNT 58 130-70 AΨΨ 86 120-100 CHJ 2-391 110 lvCrn 100 B76 2-935, 10-313, CHJ 2-495, 499, ENBD 1061, IDB 1-511 100-50 HCC no date: wikLA |
| c.109 | PTOLEMY-X ALEXANDER ends. King of Egypt from 110, ousted by bro LATHYRUS, former king of Egypt 116-10. PTOLEMY-IX Soter LATHYRUS recovers throne until 107, but is again dominated by Cleo-III. | 109 B76 VIII-281, 6-483, Clay, GEoP, Murn, ae, lvC3, rcE, tig, treg, wikP, wikP9, wikPX 109/8 ISBE 3-1050 |
| c.108 | PTOLEMY-IX Soter LATHYRUS sends 6,000 soldiers to aid Antiochus Cyzicenus co-ruler of Syria 120-96. | 108 atl2 |
| c.108 | P-X ALEXANDER briefly replaces P-IX LATHYRUS, but this 2nd attempt fails too, and P-IX Lathyrus returns. | 108 B76 VIII-281, lvC3, lvPt9, lvPtX |
| c.108 | EUDOXUS of Cyzicus 2nd voyage, visits Ethiopia. | 108 atl2 |
| c. 107 | PTOLEMY-IX Soter-II LATHYRUS ends. King of Egypt from 109, under Cleo-III 116-10, accused by mom Cleo-III of trying to kill her, leaves wife Cleo Selene and his children behind, flees a 3rd time to Cyprus until 89. CLEOPATRA-III is regent until 101 for son Alexander. PTOLEMY-X ALEXANDER succeeds until 88. | 108/7 CAH 9-386, CHJ 2 107 B76 VIII-281, CHJ 2-329, Clay, DGRBM 3-595-6, DMoN, GEoP, JIAE, Jud 5-603, Murn, Shaw, ae, atl2, frH, ktut, lvC3, lvPt9, lvPtX nar, phou, pic, rcE, resh, tig, treg, wikC3, wikP, wikP9, wikPX 107 CAH 9-315 |
| c.107 | A naval expedition from Cleo-III forces Ptolemy-IX to flee from Cyprus to Seleucia, but he soon returns. | 107 lvPt9 |
| c.107 | CLEO-III allies with one of the warring Syrian kings, Antiochus-VIII Grypus, giving him Cleo Selene as his wife. | 107 lvPt9 no date: wikCS1 |
| c.105 | PTOLEMY-X ALEXANDER marries Cleopatra BERENICE-III, dau of P-9 and Cleo-4. | 105 lvCB3, lvPtX 101 B76 VIII-282 |
| c.105/4 | PTOLEMY-IX Soter-II LATHYRUS, priest of the dynastic Alexander cult from ? in Alexandria, replaced by Cleo-III. Queenly power peaks. | 105/4 CAH 9-315, lvC3 |
| c.103 | PTOLEMY-XII AULETES, sent by father P-X Alexander and grandmother Cleo-III with bro ??? and P-XI Alexander-II to Cos island for safe-keeping. P-XI Alexander-II remains until 88. | 103 B76 VIII-282, CAH 9-315, lvPtX 102 DGRBM 3-597 |
| c.103 | Cleo-III helps Alexander Jannai against Ptolemy-IX Lathyrus. | 103 GHH |
| c.103 | PTOLEMY-X ALEXANDER, invades Levant, reaches Damascus, and returns. | 103 lvC3, lvPt9, lvPtX |
| c.103 | Propaganda of an Egyptian Jew survives in the letter (2 Mac. 1:10 to 2:18) . Cleo-III's commanders, Chelkias and Ananias, are sons of priest Onias-IV, who had emigrated and founded a temple in Egypt. Now they might have pressed their claims to high priesthood against the upstart Hasmoneans. Instead, they sympathize with the Jewish king. Chelkias falls in battle. Ananias defends Jannai's cause when Cleo-III wants to annex Judea. Cleo-III is induced to ally with Jannai. The Jewish king may have allowed himself to accept alliance with Egypt (condemned by the prophets) thinking that now Egypt was no broken reed. Surely some Jews condemn this. | late 103 CHJ 2-337 |
| c.102 | CLEOPATRA-III regent for son Ptolemy Alexander 107-01, returns from Palestine to Egypt. | 102 CAH 9, 387, 399 |
| c.102 | PTOLEMY-IX Soter LATHYRUS, ruler of Cyprus 107-89, tries to invade Egypt, but is repulsed by Cleo-III's navy, returns to Gaza. | Ant 13:13:1 102 CAH 9-387, atl2 101 DGRBM 1-117 |
| c.102 | Jewish generals Chelcias and Ananias remain loyal to Cleo-III in war against Ptolemy-IX. | Ant 13:13:1 102 atl2 |
| c.102 | Alliance between Alexander Jannai of Judea and Cleo-III, queen of Egypt. | Ant 13:13:2 102 atl2 |
| c.102 | CLEOPATRA-III defeats PTOLEMY-X ALEXANDER near Pelusium. | 102 lvC3, lvCB3, lvPt9 |
| c.101 | PTOLEMY-X ALEXANDER, orders the killing of Cleopatra-III and continues as sole ruler. | 101 lvC3, lvPtX |
| c.102 | CLEOPATRA-III regent for son Ptolemy-X Alexander 107-01, fears attack by son Ptolemy-IX Soter Lathyrus, sends land army into Palestine and son Ptolemy Alexander by sea to Phoenicia. Cleo-III sails to Ptolemais. | Ant 13-13-1 |
| c.101 | 1st dau of P-VI & Cleo-II, CLEOPATRA-III dies. Widow of uncle P-VIII 142-16 regent for son P-X Alexander from 107. P-X ALEXANDER succeeds. Wife Cleo BERNICE-III is co-ruler both until 88. | 102/1 BHS 2-257 101 B76 VIII-281, 6-483, CAH 9-295, 315, atl2, bk, frH, ktut, lvC3, lvCB3, nar, resh, wikB3, wikPX |
| murdered by P-X. | atl2, wikC3, wikPX |
Egypt 100-1
V