| c.1000 | BRITAIN: Middle Bronze Age ends. Began 1500. Early Urnfield; Wilburton-Wallington Phase ends. Began 1200 Late Bronze Age begins to 700. Late Urnfield culture begins until 900: socketed axes, palstaves, lead. |
1000 wikBAB |
| c.1000 | ISLEHAM HOARD: Over 6,500 pieces of worked and unworked bronze buried by a founder in a pit in the English county of Cambridgeshire. Swords, spear-heads, arrows, axes, palstaves, knives, daggers, armor, decorative equipment (in particular for horses), and many fragments of sheet bronze. Swords show holes where rivets or studs held the wooden hilts in place. No evidence of smithing is found. | 1000 wikIH |
| c.1000 | CHRISHALL HOARD: 5 bronze axes, 3 swords, 1 ingot, 1 spear-head | 13-800 wikLBAHB |
| c.1000 | Carpatho-Danubian countries are inhabited by a northern branch of Thracians. | 1000 wikDc |
| c.1000 | Λ SCANDINAVIA V: COTTON, in India from 2000, becomes abundant. (See Peru 2000, Sennacherib 705) | 1000 SHT 1-424 |
| SPOKED WHEELS, in Greece from 1500, appear in Scandinavia. | 1000 TTT |
| c.1000 |  "SUN CHARIOT" made in Scandinavia. It will be found at Trundholm. |
1000 B76 19-281 picture: wikTrn |
| c.1000 | WOOL is now used in central Europe, Notably Hallstatt. It becomes abundant in Scandinavia. | 1000 SHT 1-424, 451 |
| c.1000 | WEST EUROPE: Hill forts appear. | 1500 wikPB 1000 PW 15 |
| c.1000 | URNFIELD CULTURE in the Rhine/Danube region, begins to expand into valleys of the main rivers. They branch into: Proto-Celts in the west along the upper Main, Moselle and Rhone Slavs in the north from the Elbe to east of the Oder Italic-speakers in Hungary Illyrians southeast of rivers Tisza and Muresul. |
1000 mxfld |
| c.1000 | Proto-CELTS between Rhine & Elbe Rivers displaced by TEUTONS, who remain until 200. | 1000 LEWH 157 |
| c.1000 | HALLSTATT, Bavaria: Proto-Celts engage in salt mining. | 1000 MCAW 56 |
| c.1000 | INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, spreading from 1425, are spoken over most of Europe and much of south Asia. | 1000 B76 9-431 |
| c. 1000 |  VILLENA HOARD: 59 objects made of gold, silver, iron and amber weighing almost 10 kilos, 9 of them of 23.5 karat gold. Gold pieces include 11 bowls, 3 bottles, 28 bracelets. Iron pieces are the oldest found in the Iberian Peninsula and correspond to a stage in which iron is considered a precious metal, |
photo: GFDL
1000 wikHrd, wikTV |
| c.975 | OATS cultivated in central Europe. | 1000-951 TTS, TTT |
| c.950 | ALGARVE (region on south coast of Portugal) receives Phoenician and Punic settlements until 350. | 950 rcIb |
| c.900 | BRITAIN: Late Bronze Age 1000-700: Late Urnfield culture ends. Began 1000. Socketed axes, palstaves, lead. Next phase 800. | 900 wikBAB |
| c.900 | COLLETTE HOARD: buried in a field near Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, and named after the finder's daughter so as to keep the location secret. Contains 6 socketed axes, 6 gold lock rings, and various bracelets, rings and pins | 1000-800 wikLBAHB |
| c.900 | 
HOLLINGBOURNE HOARD: 12 bronze axes and axe fragments, 2 bronze sword hilt fragments, 6 bronze sword blade fragments, 2 bronze spearhead fragments, 14 bronze ingots |
photo Creative Commons 1000-800 wikLBAHB |
| c.900 | 
ROSSETT HOARD: 1 faceted axe, 1 tanged knife, 4 pieces of gold bracelet stored inside the axe |
Photo Creative Commons 1000-800 wikLBAHB |
| c.900 | BRONZE AGE in continental Europe ends. Began 2000. | 1000 PW 15, TTPC, mxfld 800 PW 15, hifiCT 750 CDCC 414 650 B76 6-1061 600 rcCE |
| (See Indus Valley 1300, Crete 1200, Levant 1200, Africa 700, Egypt 670) |
| c.900 | BALSA (Baal Saphon, later Tavira) south Portugal founded by Phoenicians. Lasts until late 500s. | 1000-800 wikTv |
| c.900 | CELTS enter Spain via east Pyrenees, in 1st of 2 waves. Settle in Catalonia. | 900 hifiTtn, wikTpR |
| c.900 | 1st CASTRO VILLAGE culture appears in northwest Spain. Characterized by walled villages and hill forts. It will expand from south to north and from the coast to the interior of the peninsula during the next centuries. 2nd 450 | 900 hifiCT, wikTpR |
| c.875 | TARTESSOS (Tarshish) Spain, founded at an unknown location near mouth of Baetis river by Tyrians, under them until 700. A centralized monarchy trading with the area of modern Algarve, inhabited by the Cynetes or Cunetes, and Portuguese Estremadura. | 1000 wikTpR 900/850 rcIb |
| c.850 | Boughton Malherbe Hoard in Britain: 352 bronze objects of types commonly found in northern France: 75 bronze weapon fragments, 136 bronze tools and tool fragments, 42 bronze ornaments, and @71 bronze ingots, moulds and miscellaneous objects. | 9-800 wikLBAHB |
| c.850 | CRUNDALE HOARD: 188 fragments including axe, chisel, palstave, hammer, gouge, knife, sickle, sword, bracelet, ring, and ingots | 900-800 wikLBAHB |
| c.850 | DUDDINGSTON LOCH HOARD at Edinburgh: 44 bronze items: ring of a large cauldron, fragments of spearheads, swords and dagger blades, point of a bronze spearhead, bent bronze sword broken, with 3 rivet holes and a slot in the hilt plate, contorted point of a bronze sword, blade of a bronze sword broken off under the hilt and bent back at the point | 950-750 wikLBAHB |
| c.850 | Iron, Potter's wheel, olive oil, and wine all brought by Phoenicians to Spain. | 9th cen. wikTpR |
| c.850 | OLISIPO (Lisbon) settled. The myth of a Phoenician foundation of the city as far back as 1300, under the name Alis Ubbo "Safe Harbor" is not true. | 9th cen. wikTpR |
| c.800 | BRITAIN: Late Bronze Age 1000-700: Ewart Park Phase, Llyn Fawr Phase begins until 700: leaf-shaped swords. | 800 wikBAB |
| c.800 | IRELAND: in Late Bronze Age from 1200-?, large industry established, has much bronze and gold. | 800 B76 3-283 |
| c.800 | ELP Culture in Netherlands from 1800, known for low quality earthenware pottery, ends. Phase 2 from 1200, noted for Urnfield (cremation) burial customs also ends. | 800 wikElp |
| c.800 | 1st wave of Hallstatt culture into Spain brings iron technology to local Urnfields Celts of northeast. This culture starts to expand to nearby areas, embracing northern region of the Levante and upper Ebro valley. | 800 wikTpR |
| c.800 | COPPER mines at MITERBERG, Austria from 1600 abandoned. | 800 SHT 1-565-6 |
| c.800 | Λ IRON V used increasingly in Europe for tools and weapons. | 800 SHT 2-55 |
| c.800 | HORSE HARNESS, used in Asia from at least 3500, spreads to Europe. | 800 ehow |
| c.800 | MUSIC V: 1st Germanic wind instruments. (See musician 1000) | 800 mxfld |
| c.800 | German BEER V 1st evidenced by an amphora. (See China 650) | 800 albv |
| c.800 | PHOENICIANS exploit silver mines of Spain and north Africa. | 800 B76 II-598 |
| c.750 | SEXI, a colony on the coast of Andalusia established by Phoenicians. | 8th cen. wikTpR |
| c.750 | CELTS, an Urnfield people, emerge as a distinct language/religion/culture group, particularly at Hallstatt. Celts are first to SHOE HORSES (with leather boots), develop seamless IRON rims for wheels, and give shape to hand saws, chisels, files and other tools. | 750 mxfld |
| c.750 | GERMANIC people are now in south Scandinavia and Jutland. | 750 B76 8-18, hifiTtn |
| c.750 | SOAP introduced by Celts to the Greeks and Romans. (See Ebers 1550, Phoenicia 600, Babylonia 550) |
750 mxfld |
| c.750 | Chain Λ ARMOR introduced by Celts to the Greeks and Romans. (See China 770) | 750 mxfld |
| c.750 | URNFIELD CULTURE, now predominantly Celtic, spreads to southern Gaul. | 750 PAE 173 |
| c.750 | URNFIELD CULTURE in central Europe fades out. Began 1300. HALLSTATT Period in Europe 900-450: 2nd group of graves begins in Bavaria near the richest salt deposits in Europe until 450. Lavish burials of chiefs. IRON swords, spoked wheels V, & horse shoes used. |
800 B76 2-449 750 B76 IV-863, TToH 7, wikUC 650 MCAW 76 600 rcCE |
 Hallstatt culture c.800-700 Dbachmann |
| c.750 | SCYTHIANS V, in Ukraine from ?, enter Europe. | 750 ? |
| c.750 | 
KEGELHEIM HELMET. Conical bronze, open-faced, sometimes with cheek protectors, or a crest-holder on top. Made sometimes in several pieces. It is the progenitor of many Greek helmets, especially the Illyrian type. |
photo: GNU FDL 8th cen. wikKH |
| c.700 | Bronze Age in BRITAIN ends. Began 2000. Late Bronze Age ends. Began 1000. Ewart Park Phase, Llyn Fawr Phase ends: Began 800. Leaf-shaped swords. Λ IRON V Age begins in BRITAIN until 100CE. Early Iron age begins until 400. Iron working techniques arrive from southern Europe. |
800 wikBIA 750 PW 15, wikPB 700 wikBAB 500 SHT 1-82 |
| c.700 | Many small migrations to Britain occur until 400. Ironsmiths make daggers of Hallstatt type. Round Celtic houses continue. | 700 B76 3-194 |
| c.700 | Hill forts appear in Britain. | 700 be |
| c.700 | CELTS, now dominant in western Europe, begin settling in SPAIN. | 700 MCAW 70 |
| c.700 | Phoenicians in Spain, plant OLIVE TREES. | 700 TTPC |
| c.700 | TARTESSOS (Tarshish) Spain, under Tyrians from 875, taken over by Iberian chiefs. Legendary ARGANTHONIUS (Silver man) prospers from local mines. Under Iberians until 510. | 700 MCAW 70 |
| c.700 | Spain: Cattle herding culture of Cogotas-I is transformed into Cogotas-II, mixing Celtic culture with Iberian culture. | 7th cen. wikTpR |
| c.700 | SEGOVIA becomes Iberian settlement until 80. | 700 B76 IX-31 |
| c.700 | TRANSYLVANIA (uplands of Carpathians) occupied by Cimmerians from 2000, comes under Dacians (related to Thracians and possibly a fragment of Cimmerians) until 280. | 700 rcEB |
| c.700 | SLOVAKIA (Carpathian mountains north of Hungary, east of Moravia and Czech Republic, west of Galitzia and Ukraine, and south of Poland) under Cimmerians from 2000, occupied by Thracians until 400. | 700 rcCE |
| c.700 | BIHAR (area between Tisza, Szamos, Muresul Rivers, and Transylvanian highlands) occupied by Cimmerians from 2000, occupied by Thracians until 280. | 700 rcEB |
| c.700 | MOLDAVIA (land at northeast corner of Black Sea), under Cimmerians from 2000, comes under Scythians until 280. | 700 rcEB |
| c.700 | SCYTHIANS of steppes from 740, spread to Carpathian area, conflict with Dacians. | 700 TAWH 16, wikDc 650 vrb |
| c.700 | HALLSTATT Bavaria becomes large scale IRON manufacturing center. | 700 TTT |
| c.680 | West Ukraine, south flank of Carpathian Mountains, occupied by Cimmerians from 2000, taken over by proto-Dacians until 300. | 680 rcU |
| c.670 | DACIA, occupied by Cimmerians from 2000, comes under late Cimmerian tribes until 300. | 670 rcEB |
| c.657 | ISTROS on the Danube delta at the Black Sea, founded by Greeks of Miletus. | 657 CAH 3.3, GRG 326 |
| c.650 | CELTS, now dominant in western Europe, begin settling in south BRITAIN and IRELAND. | 700 MCAW 70 650 vrb 500 be |
| c.650 | LEXOVII Celts, in Germania from ?, move west across Rhine. | 650 hifiCT |
| c.650 | CADURCI Celts, in south Germania from ?, move west across Rhine. | 650 hifiCT |
| c.650 | 2nd wave of Hallstatt culture into Spain, specifically into Portuguese land. | 7th cen. wikTpR |
| c.650 | OLBIA (Borysthenes), on Black Sea at mouth of Bug River founded by Aegina, Megara, Greeks of Miletos. Under Miletian tyrants until 500. | 654 GHH 650 Dur 2-66, rcU 647 CAH 3.3-161 647/6 CAH 6-483 645 B76 16-438 |
| c.640 | COLAEUS of Samos voyage to Tartessos, Spain until 638. | 650 OCD 1039 640 CAH 3.3, GRG 324 638 OCD 949 |
| c.625 | SLAVONIA (area between Sava and Drava Rivers) occupied by Urnfield Celts from 1250, occupied by Hallstatt Celts until 425. | 625 rcWB |
| c.620 | Greeks (specifically Phoceans) settle near Tartessos, remain in Spain until 535. | 620 MCAW 72 |
| c. 600 | 
MAIDEN CASTLE built by Celts in south Dorset. Similar to other hill forts in Britain, and covering 6.4 hectares (16 acres) until 450. |
600 wikMC left: pub dom right Chris Downer |
| c.600 | AUSTRIA & BOHEMIA, under Urnfield Celts from 1250, occupied by Hallstatt Celts until 450. | 600 rcCE |
| c.600 | MORAVIA, under Urnfield Celts from 1200, occupied by Hallstatt Celts until 400. | 600 rcCE |
| c.600 | NETHERLANDS settled 1st time by CELTS. | 600 PW 16 |
| c.600 | CELTS of Gaul trade with Greek colonies on Mediterranean. Rich wagon burials show powerful Celt elite. | 600 PW 16 |
| c.600 | GRAPES shipped by Phoenicians introduced into Gaul. | 600 B76 X-471 |
| c.600 | MASSILIA, Gaul founded by Greeks of Phocaea and Lydia. Site is obtained from Ligurian Segobriges. Greeks soon begin exporting wine to Celts of Gaul. | 600 B76 8-331, 346, 11-532, CAH 3.3-768, 4-83, DGRBM, Dur 2-66, GRG 325, LEWH 62, MCAW 78, MWΦ 233, OCD 265, 654, OHG, PW 16, RW, SHT 2-129, TTPC, TTT, mxfld |
| c.600 | Despite the spread of efficient ovens, baking in hot ashes continues. | 600 SHT 2-118 |
| c.600 | BELLOVESUS heads toward Italy, inviting fellow settlers to join him from 6 tribes, the Aeduii, Ambarri, Aulerci, Arverni, Bituriges, Carnutes, and Senones. Those led by Bellovesus himself are mainly Insubres, a sub-tribe of Aeduii. | 600 hifiCT |
| c.600 | Bellovesus and his horde from the Bituriges, Insubres, and other tribes, reaches the Alps. | 600 hifiBo |
| c.600 | CELTS, in SPAIN from 700, receive new wave of Celts. | 600 vrb |
| c.600 | CELTS (or just natives with Celtic influences) penetrate to Northwest Spain. | 600 wikTpR |
| c.600 | TARTESSOS, Spain, under Iberians 700-510: Phoceans arrive, introducing olives and grapes and befriend the ruler. | 630 mxfld 600 OCD 1039 |
| c.585 | Noble CELTIC WOMAN dies age @35, buried along with a child in a large grave in the upper Danube region. Grave is dated by tree rings in its wood floor. Corpse is decorated gold and amber jewelry. This proves the Celts have an aristocratic hierarchy at this time. | 585 hifiCT |
| c.575 | EMPORION "trading place" Spain founded by Ionic colonists from Phocaea, on a small island at the mouth of the river Fluvia, in a region inhabited by the Indigetes. See 550. | 575 wikEmp, wikTpR |
| c.556 | MASSILIA Gaul attacked by Salii Gauls under Comanus unsuccessfully. | 556 GHH |
| c.550 | CELTS begin arriving in IRELAND, some to England and Scotland. | 550 MCAW 90 |
| c. 550 |  DANEBURY Hill Fort built in Hampshire. Consists of a rampart behind a ditch, covering 5 acres. The east gateway is a 4m wide gap in the defences with a timber gatehouse. At the highest point of the hill are shrines and temples. They make offerings to the gods and sometimes sacrifices. Some burials are thought to have been sacrificial. 300 to 400 Iron Age agriculturalists live here in round houses. There will be expansion and many remodelings, until it is abandoned c.100. |
photo: Hampshire Hub 550 hnts, wikDb |
| c.550 | EMPORION Spain on a small island at the mouth of the river Fluvia from 575, moved to the mainland, and called Neapolis "new city". The island is then called Paleopolis "old city". | 550 Dur 2-66, MWΦ 233, wikEmp |
| c.550 | Writing in modified Phoenician alphabet appears in south Portugal. | 6th cen wikTpR |
| c.550 | Spain: Many Phoenician colonies are deserted. | 6th cen wikTpR |
| c.550 | Greeks begin settling Mediterranean coast of Spain. There are no Greek colonies west of Gibraltar, only voyages of discovery. | 6th cen wikTpR |
| c.550 | SCYTHIANS, in Europe from 750, appear in Balkans, keep coming until 500. | 550 B76 2-615 |
| c.540 | TOLEDOCH (later Toletum) Spain on Tagus River founded by Phoenicians. | 540 DGRG 2-1215 |
| c.536 | Olives and grape vines from Greece exported thru Massilia to central Gaul. | 536 GHH |
| c.535 | THELINE Gaul, under the Liguri from ?, taken by the Saluvii (Salyes) until 123, renamed ARELATE. | 535 lvArl |
| c.535 | Greeks of SPAIN from 620, forced out by Carthaginian control of trade. | 535 MCAW 93 |
| c.530 | EMPORION, Phocaean colony in Spain on the river Fluvia from 550, receives influx of Phocaean refugees after conquest of Phocaea by king Cyrus-II. | 530 wikEmp |
| c.525 | ALBION (island of the Albiones) is recorded as the name of Britain by a Greek seaman from Massila. | 525 OCD 34 |
| c.525 | HYBERNIA (Ireland) is discovered by a Greek seaman from Massila. | 525 OCD 514 |
| c.520 |  Palace of the Lady of Vix 35m x 21m, estimated height 12m: The large hall has an apse at the back and a front porch in antis. Suggests domestic use or feasting uses. |
front Kenny Arne Lang Antonsen side same late 6th cen wikVG |
| c. 513 | DARIUS-I king of Medo-Persia 522-486, Babylon 521-486, newly arrived in Thrace, moves 7-800,000 troops across Danube on a boat bridge, leaves Histiaeos tyrant of Miletos in charge of it, crosses into Scythian land. Gives orders that if he does not return in 60 days, destroy the bridge. The 60 days elapse. Athenian Miltiades the Younger advises destroying the bridge. Histiaeos refuses, figuring that Persian help against local democrats was more important than freedom from Persians. | 516 CAH 4-96, 103 514 or 12 CHEIA 101 513 DGRBM 2-498, GRG 327, IDB 1-769, MCAW 100, OCD 688 512 Dur 2-234, HAG, ISBE 1-868, OCD 520, RAH 691, bk 508 GHH |
| c.513 | DARIUS-I demands earth and water from Idanthyrus chief of royal Scyths. Idanthyrus sends him a bird, a mouse, a frog, and 5 arrows. It causes some head scratching, but the invasion continues into Asia. | 508 DGRBM 2-562 |
| c.513 | DARIUS-I, having failed to conquer Scythians, crosses Danube back into Thrace. | 512 OCD 968 |
| c.510 | IRON WORKING in Britain, and Cornish tin production begin until year 1. | 510 SHT 2-10, 46 |
| c.510 | TIN mines in Brittany begin operating. | 510 SHT 2-46 |
| c.510 | TARTESSOS, Spain, under Iberians from 700, probably destroyed by Carthaginians. Comes under Carthaginians until 206. | 6th cen. wikTpR 533 rtatl 510 rcIb 500 B76 IX-832, OCD 1039, wikTpR |
| c.510 | TAVIRA south Portugal, under Phoenicians from 900, destroyed by violence. Abandoned until 450. | 6th cen. wikTpR late 500s wikTv |
| c.510 | DJERBA island in Gulf of Gades on west coast of Spain, comes under Carthage until 201. | 510 rcNA |
| c.501 | GADIR (later called Cadiz) on south coast of Spain, under Phoenicians from 1110, occupied by Carthaginians until 206. | 530 GHH 501 B76 II-429, rcIb 500 hifiC |
Europe 500-301
V